A research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering (Mining) to the faculty of engineering and the built environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Date of final submission 25 May 2017 / The Australasian code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves, of the Joint Ore Reserves Committee (JORC) sets out minimum standards, recommendations and guidelines for Public Reporting in Australasia. (JORC, (2012)). The Committee for Mineral Reserve International Reporting Standards (CRIRSCO) created a set of standard international definitions for reporting Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves based on the evolving JORC code’s definitions (CRIRSCO, (2013)). CRIRSCO’s members are National Reporting Organisations (NRO’s) which are responsible for developing mineral reporting codes for Australia (JORC), Canada (CIM Standing Committee on Reserve Definitions), Chile (National Committee), Europe (PERC), Russia (NAEN), South Africa (SAMCODES) and USA (SME) (JORC, (2012)). The NRO’s for; South Africa (SAMREC), Australia (JORC) and Canada (CIM Standing Committee on Reserve Definitions) published supporting standards for Coal Resource and Reserve Classification and Reporting namely, South African National Standard: South African Guide to the Systematic Evaluation of Coal Resources and Coal Reserves (SANS10320:2004), the Australian Guidelines for the Estimation and Classification of Coal Resources (Australian Guidelines (2014)) and the GSC Paper 88-21: A Standardized Coal Resource/Reserve Reporting System for Canada (Hughes, et al., (1989)). With the objective to identify the most appropriate Coal Resource Classification approach for the Witbank Coalfields in South Africa, Coal Resource Classification methods applied elsewhere in the world were investigated, these countries include Canada and Australia. SANS10320:2004 relies on a minimum drillhole spacing dependant on two different coal seam deposit types, whereas the Australian Guideline for the Estimation and Classification of Coal Resources (2014) provide a guide as to which geological aspects need to be considered when classifying a coal deposit into the appropriate confidence category, and no fixed drillhole spacing is recommended. The Canadian Standardized Coal Resource/Reserve Reporting System (1989) differs from the afore mentioned standards in that it is a prescriptive method based on specific levels of geological complexity, governed by specific fixed parameters. None of the other Coal Reporting codes/standards use a broad sweeping fixed drillhole spacing to classify Coal Resources as in South Africa. It is noted from experience as well as by Coal Resource Classification methods used elsewhere in the world that the use of proposed fixed drillhole spacing, such as currently in use in SANS10320:2004, is an unsatisfactory method for assessing the uncertainty and variability associated with coal deposits. The Coal Resource Classification methodologies utilised on a local scale in South Africa, were investigated to establish how mining houses manage and assess the variability in their Coal Resources. Fourteen mines operating throughout the Witbank coalfield were compared, it was found that although the Coal Resource Classification of the governing code requires a 350m drillhole spacing for highest level of confidence, the mines drill to a much smaller grid for increased confidence. Despite this, the mines still report on the SANS10320:2004 minimum standard in the public domain. A map was created based on the average drillhole spacing drilled per mine. From this it was deduced that there are zones of higher coal seam variability which required a closer spaced drilling grid to derive sufficient geological confidence in the estimates. Based on these deductions four zones of comparable continuity/variability, were identified. The zones identified by means of geological investigation and those identified by differences in variability as perceived by the Competent Person (CP) correlate. The highest variability and smallest drillhole spacing is located toward the western portion of the coalfield whereas the lowest variability with the largest drillhole spacing is located toward the east. The geologically complex Witbank coalfield was divided into four geo-zones/domains based on the depositional environment, basement rocks and post depositional influences. It is evident that a suitable Coal Resource Classification approach; which considers the characteristics of the geozones are followed. The question of which other classification methods are appropriate if not a predetermined drillhole spacing is addressed by this research. Statistics on relevant variables can provide a measure of uncertainty and therefore reliability in the estimates, for this reason three methods of uncertainty and probability characterisation were investigated. Of the three, namely; Non-linear estimation approach, conditional simulation (CS) and global estimation variance (GEV), the latter was deemed the most appropriate. GEV forms the basis of Drillhole Spacing Analysis (DHSA) and was applied to a mid-sized coal mine within the western portion of the Witbank coalfield. The analysis did not result in robust Coal Resource classification of estimates but rather provided more insight into the variability of the deposit. The results of DHSA are easily manipulated and are open for interpretation, it is therefore suggested as a valuable exercise/tool for understanding and assessing coal seam variability and to be used as a guide in Coal Resource classification. Onsite practical geological information should not be underestimated and geostatistics should always confirm the geology. A purely mathematical approach to Coal Resource classification would be a gross oversight, a combination of geological factors in association with statistical inferences is suggested. A scorecard method with associated weights is proposed to improve the confidence in the Coal Resource classification. / MT 2017

La France possède la deuxième superficie maritime du monde et une véritable expertise dans le domaine off-shore. Elle est donc doublement concernée par le potentiel de ressources minières que contiennent les fonds marins. Selon plusieurs études, les espaces maritimes relevant de la souveraineté ou de la juridiction de la France renfermeraient de nombreux gisements miniers. Ces derniers contiennent des ressources connues comme le pétrole mais aussi des ressources potentielles comme les terres rares, métaux nécessaires aux technologies de pointe. Ces ressources constituent sans nul doute l’un des enjeux majeurs du XXIe siècle. Leur exploitation suscite néanmoins des revendications économiques et environnementales : les populations locales demandent à bénéficier des fruits de cette exploitation ; l’environnement devra être préservé par les exploitants off-shore. Le Code minier n’est pas en mesure de relever ces défis. Le statut des ressources minières marines doit donc être adapté aux nouveaux enjeux. La thèse plaide, en un mot, pour leur rattachement au patrimoine commun de la nation. En effet, les caractères « transtemporel » et « transpatial » de la notion de patrimoine commun de la nation permettent de répondre aux revendications locales ainsi qu’à l’enjeu environnemental (1re partie). Cette intégration des ressources minières marines au patrimoine commun de la nation serait parfaitement compatible avec le droit de la mer (2e partie). Il conviendrait en revanche de tenir compte du statut particulier de certains territoires d’outre-mer (3e partie) / France has the second largest maritime area in the world and a real expertise in the off-shore sector. It is therefore doubly concerned by the potential of mineral resources contained in the seabed. According to several studies, maritime areas under the sovereignty or jurisdiction of France would contain many mineral deposits. These contain resources known as oil but also potential resources such as rare earth metals needed for advanced technologies. These resources are undoubtedly one of the major challenges of the twenty-first century. Their exploitation nevertheless gives rise to economic and environmental claims: the local populations mean to benefit from the gains resulting from this exploitation; the environment will have to be preserved by the off-shore operators. The Mining Code cannot meet these challenges. The status of marine mineral resources must therefore be adapted to these new challenges. The thesis argues, in a word, for their attachment to the common heritage of the Nation. Indeed, the transtemporal and transpatial aspects of the notion of the common heritage of the Nation make it possible to respond to local demands as well as to the environmental issue (Part I). In addition, an integration of marine mineral resources into the common heritage of the Nation would not be contrary to the Law of the Sea (Part II). On the other hand, the special status of certain overseas territories should be taken into account (Part III)

Thesis advisor: David Hollenbach / Thesis advisor: Andrea Vicini / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

Typescript / 2 v. : ill. app'xes, 5 maps in end pocket / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Economic Geology, 1966

The thesis is concerned with a theoretical study of the flow behaviour of inelastic power law fluids in two different types of flow situation. These are: 1. The creeping motion of a sphere moving through an expanse of liquid. 2. The combined steady and oscillatory flow of a liquid through a straight tube of circular cross section. The first part of the work is devoted to the prediction of the drag correction factor for a sphere falling slowly through a bounded inelastic power law fluid. The analysis is carried out for the case when the outer spherical boundary has a finite or infinite radius. A perturbation technique is used to produce the resulting equations for a slightly power law fluid which are solved using the finite element method. An asymptotic expansion is used to provide an analytical far field solution for the infinite outer sphere case. The second part considers the combined steady and oscillatory flow of an inelastic power law liquid in a tube. The analysis is carried. out for the case when both the steady flow rate and the oscillatory flow rate are known. An expression for the pressure gradient reduction in the tube is then derived. The resulting partial differential equation is solved by finite difference techniques. An analytical solution for the pressure gradient is also obtained using a perturbation analysis for the case when the fluid inertial effects are small.

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