Eight flush mount pressure sensors were used in a series of 3 test sequences to measure air overpressure produced by a firecracker. Overpressure was recorded at a range of 1 inch to 21 inches away from detonation, and charge weight was determined to be 0.1mg of black powder. Air overpressure prediction equations were developed from test series then compared to collected data for subsequent tests. Overpressure wave velocity was measured using wave arrival time and distance between sensors. This wave velocity was compared to calculated wave velocity using overpressure and ideal gas law. Overpressure and wave velocity are directly related to each other in shock wave behavior. The goal of these tests was to identify at what point the in elastic-plastic region the overpressure wave no longer closely resembled a shock wave, but an elastic wave instead.

This thesis examines the impact of social and economic change on the practice of "free mining" in the Forest of Dean between 1788 and 1886, asking how and why the free miners' "rights" altered over that period and what the consequences of their survival were for the development of trade unionism among the Forest miners. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first of them discusses the free miners' rights and argues that they should be seen as part of a group of uses, including commoning and the occupation of Crown land, which its inhabitants made of the Forest in the eighteenth century. These uses came under pressure between 1788 and 1841 from reforms in central government and the intrusion of strangers from outside the Forest into the mining industry. A series of Acts of Parliament between 1838 and 1841 consolidated the new order in the Forest but the bargaining which preceded that legislation resulted in the preservation - though in a diluted form - of the miners' rights and of commoning. Part two asks whether the partial survival of these customs acted as a socially conservative influence which might have explained the relative weakness of trade unionism among the Forest's colliers. It is argued that the instability of union may be explained by reference to the organization of the industry and its markets, to the method of work organization in the pits, which created divisions among the miners, and to the inadequacies of "national" miners' unionism. Though it is not necessary to invoke the peculiar local rights and customs to account for the weakness of unionism in Dean, Part three will contend that they remained important to many foresters. Renewed pressure from the Crown and from the large coalowners, on both the free miners and commoners, and the resistance of the foresters to change, are examined. The character of that resistance took colour from the assumptions and rhetoric of the union and in turn reinforced and helped to make successful, a campaign by the union for the separate representation of the working men in the Parliament.

The most important criterion in industrial production processes is to control the required product quality and comply with the standards pre-described for the application during any stage of the process. This control begins from the entry of raw material to the plant and continues with pre-determined points. Mainly two different types of inspection and analyses are used to examine the material quality and content. These are physical and chemical analysis.In most of the production plants above mentioned analyses are made in related laboratories of the plant. Therefore, it is necessary to have &amp / #65533 / sample&amp / #65533 / to be analyzed. This &amp / #65533 / sample&amp / #65533 / should have a real &amp / #65533 / representative&amp / #65533 / property, which must carry all of the physical and chemical characteristics of the material at the point where this &amp / #65533 / sample&amp / #65533 / is taken.The present methods and systems used to take samples from any required point have some disadvantages and present some problems especially for not being &amp / #65533 / representative&amp / #65533 / . These problems are discussed in detail within this thesis study and aimed to reach a new concept and system with: - Low cost of investment - Low cost of operation - Less requirement of maintenance and calibration - The achievement of &amp / #65533 / correct&amp / #65533 / and &amp / #65533 / representative&amp / #65533 / sample As a result of the theoretical studies together with practical application works and experiments, a new concept in sampling, namely &amp / #65533 / Sampling System with Air Cannons&amp / #65533 / was introduced. The new system of sampling was tested to give better performance and practical use.

ABSTRACT MODELING A MODERN MARBLE PROCESSING PLANT BY USING PETRI NET Keser, &Ouml / zge M. Sc., Department of Mining Engineering Supervisor: Prof Dr. NeS&rsquo / e &Ccedil / elebi Co-Supervisor: Prof Dr. Tevfik G&uuml / yag&uuml / ler December 2003, 110 pages All developing countries need sufficient raw material resources to develop and to guarantee their future. Considering Turkish natural resources, marble has a great importance because of its demand on the market, reserve amount and quality. However, some effort is required to improve the existing marble production and processing efficiency. Petri nets (PNs) are the information models that control the flow for concurrent and synchronous systems. In this regard, PN application can be useful. However, its application is limited to the complex systems and no application of PN is available in mining sector. iii In this sense, this study aims to examine the applicability of PN to mining. This study examines the production system in order to optimize the process in case of two different types of marble product orders. Three case studies are applied to examine benefits and difficulties in implementation of PN to a marble processing plant. The study shows that PN can successfully be used as a tool for the optimization of total production time, simulation and modeling of the system. It provides to see the sequence of the processes, their time, remaining time of each transition and optimum total production times. The difficulties of PN implementation are found out as the determination of each path in the reachability graph, matrix representation with large quantity of place, etc.

Discontinuity surfaces generally consist of undulations termed as roughness. It is well known that surface roughness plays an important role on the shear strength and shear behavior of discontinuities. However, the effect of roughness will not be the same when the direction of shearing changes. This effect causes variation of shear strength with shearing direction or in other words anisotropy on shear strength. In this thesis, an experimental study was performed to investigate the effect of roughness and anisotropy on shear strength. For this purpose, joint samples were prepared using a model material and direct shear tests were conducted at different normal stress levels and shearing directions.

In this thesis, ground vibrations induced by bench blasting from the Tun&ccedil / bilek Coal Mine, Panel BYH, were measured to find out the site-specific attenuation and to assess the structural damage risk. A statistical approach is applied to the collected data, and from the data analysis an attenuation relationship is established to be used in predicting the peak particle velocity as well as to calculate the maximum allowable charge per delay. The values of frequencies are also analyzed to investigate the damage potential to the structures of Tun&ccedil / bilek Township. A new approach to predict the peak particle velocity is also proposed in this research study. A neural network technique from the branch of the artificial intelligence is put forward as an alternative approach to the statistical technique. Findings of this study indicate, according to USBM (1980) criteria, that there is no damage risk to the structures in Tun&ccedil / bilek Township induced by bench blasting performed at Tun&ccedil / bilek coal mine, Panel BYH. Therefore, it is concluded that the damage claims put forward by the inhabitants of Tun&ccedil / bilek township had no scientific bases. It is also concluded that the empirical statistical technique is not the only acceptable approach that can be taken into account in predicting the peak particle velocity. An alternative and interesting neural network approach can also give a satisfactory accuracy in predicting peak particle velocity when compared to a set of additional recorded data of PPV.

The electric potential changes under uniaxial loading in some minerals and rocks have long been recognized. To daylight the electrical response of some minerals and rocks against applied stress, both theoretical studies and laboratory experiments are conducted. Some theories are also proposed by different researchers, in order to explain the electric potential variations. However, the mechanisms leading to electrical potential generation have not been fully explained yet. In the explanation of electric potential changes observed in rocks, type of the observed rock and the rock forming minerals in the rock fabric play an important role. One theory is based on the fundamentals of piezoelectricity only. However the relation between the stress state and the electric generation is not fully understood. This thesis aims to make a further contribution to the studies on understanding the electric potential change in rocks, containing quartz, which is a common piezoelectric mineral, under uniaxial loading conditions. Three types of rocks, namely quartz-sandstone, granite and granodiorite, are tested, and the stress and electric potential (EP) variations are recorded during the uniaxial loading experiments in a continuous manner. The experiments are conducted at three different loading rates, in order to investigate the effect of loading rate on the electrification mechanism. Also step loading experiments are conducted. Results indicated that, application of uniaxial stress creates a clear change in the EP responses of three quartz bearing rock types. The possible relationships between the EP generation and the level of applied stress are investigated based on the initial and final potential values (EPinitial, EPfinal), the potential just before the time of failure (EPUCS), the spike-like potential jump at the time of failure (&amp / #8710 / V), which are derived from the recorded data of the experiments.

Pelletizing is a size enlargement technique employed to process fine-grained iron-bearing concentrates and powder ores. Mechanical strength of fired pellets is important for handling. When the pellets undergo metallurgical processing, their mechanical strength is a measure of their resistance to degradation by breakage due to impacts and abrasion to which they are exposed in the upper part of the blast furnace. In this study, heat treatment of iron ore agglomerates with microwave energy is investigated. First drying and then heat hardening tests were performed. Two main properties of pellets were taken into consideration: percent moisture and magnetite content for the dried pellets and compressive strength and also magnetite content for the fired pellets. The tests were conducted with different particle sized pellets, in different durations. In order to increase the oxidation rate in heat hardening tests, Na2O2 is also added in different percentages. The results of the study showed that, magnetite pellets can indeed be dried and heated with microwave energy. However, the attained compressive strength and v the oxidation of the fired pellets were not sufficient as compared to pellets produced by conventional heating

In this research, it is aimed to remove toxic heavy metals in waste water with the help of fly ash from &Ccedil / ayirhan thermal power plant. The chemical and physical properties (size distribution, specific surface area, porosity, chemical composition, etc.) of fly ash were determined. The experiments were carried out in synthetic waste water containing lead, zinc and copper metals at different concentrations with the addition of fly ash. The effects of metal concentration, agitation time, particle size, ash amount, and pH in the metal removal were examined. With the addition of even very small amount of fly ash, heavy metal removal from waste water was attained at up to 99%. Fly ash particle size has no significant effect on removal of heavy metal ions from solutions. Higher solution pH and longer treatment time were resulted better metal removal. The results also indicated that the main mechanism for metal removal was precipitation due to alkaline characteristics of fly ash and more than 90 % of metals in solutions were removed by precipitation. The pH ranges for maximum metal precipitation were 10-11, 8-10, and 10-11 for copper, zinc, and lead respectively. Very small percentages of adsorbed metal was released during the desorption test.

Surface preparation is the key factor in determining the success of a protective coating system and its ultimate objective is to create proper adhesion of a coating over an underlying substrate. Abrasive blast cleaning involves mechanical cleaning by the continuous impact of abrasive particles at high velocities on to the substrate in a jet stream of compressed air. Industries that use abrasive blasting include the shipbuilding industry, automotive industry, and other industries that involve surface preparation and painting. Materials from different origins can be used as a blasting media including coal slag, smelter slag, mineral abrasives, metallic abrasives, and synthetic abrasives. Purpose of this thesis is to investigate the usability of industrial wastes (coal slag, smelter slags, etc.) of Turkey as abrasives in surface preparation technologies. Four different slag samples of three sources, namely coal furnace slag sample from &Ccedil / ayirhan thermal power plant, ferrochrome slag sample from Eti Krom A.S., granulated blast furnace and converter slag sample from Eregli Iron and Steel Works were studied within the scope of this thesis work. The samples were prepared by crushing and screening. The chemical composition and physical characteristics of the samples were determined. All the samples were tested in industrial scale. Test results showed that the converter slag meet all the specifications for abrasives and it can be used in blast cleaning operations. However, coal furnace slag, granulated blast furnace slag and ferrochrome slag are not suitable to be used as abrasive in surface preparation technologies.