1. The mechanisms underlying hindgut movements in the lobster, Homarus gammarus (Lo) have been studied. 2. The hindgut is innervated from the sixth abdominal ganglion (6A.G.) by the posterior intestinal nerves (P.I.N.'s). Stimulation of any of the connectives of the ventral nerve cord (V.N.C.) will elicit hindgut and anal movements. 3. The hindgut is divisible into anterior and posterior regions, whose basic co-ordination is undisturbed by sectioning the hindgut, so long as the nerves remain intact. 4. Numerous endogenous oscillators mediating spontaneous contractions are thought to lie within the muscles of the rectum. Oscillators within the radial muscles of the anus can be activated by nervous discharge. 5. Receptors responding to anal dilation and closure have been described both anatomically and physiologically. They lie in the anal nerves. No physiological evidence exists for the presence of receptors on the rectum. 6. Hindgut and anal movements may be initiated by either 'phasic' or 'tonic' motor neurones. Bursts of tonic discharge will cause powerful hindgut movements (the defaecatory response), whilst those elicited phasically are rather weaker. The form of the bursting discharge is, apparently, immutable and is unaffected by extirpation of all sensory input. 8. The structure of the 6A.G. has been determined. It is a highly complex ganglion and it is suggested that it was derived from three fused ganglia in the course of evolution. 9. The somata of neurones causing efferent discharge to the hindgut have been shown to lie in the anterior part of the posterior ventral cortical lobe of the 6A.G. 10. Some of these neurone somata have been penetrated using glass microelectrodes. Three categories of neurones, responsible for hindgut control at the level of tine 6A.G., are thought to exist phasic neurones, tonic neurones and driver neurons. 11. The neurones within the 6A.G. represent a final motor pathway to the hindgut. These neurones are thought to be under the ultimate control of a centre lying in the tritocerebral region of the brain. Several interneurones connect the two.

abstract: This dissertation argues that scholars need to re-evaluate the place of miscellany in the textual tradition. Through a dynamic close-reading of Zhuang Chuo’s 莊綽 (fl. 1126) Jilei bian 雞肋編 (Chicken Rib Chronicles), using its preface as a guide, this project demonstrates that the value of this text lies not in its historical truth, but in the author’s analyses of historical themes, spoken word, and personal experiences alongside his engagement with the textual tradition and intellectual discourses in the wider scholarly community. Rethinking the way that Song dynasty authors of miscellany create meaning and also the purpose of this corpus allows readers to approach them holistically and creates the potential for multiple readings. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Asian Languages and Civilizations 2016

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La Vengeance Nostre Seigneur est une chanson de geste écrite vers 1200 qui raconte la destruction de Jérusalem en 70 de notre ère par Vespasien et Titus comme une vengeance pour la Crucifixion. Elle nous est parvenue dans dix manuscrits, tous des recueils, étant donné sa relative brièveté (1200 à 3400 vers, selon les rédactions). Or, ce texte adopte un comportement particulier dans certains des manuscrits qui le conservent : le récit de la vengeance du Christ bourgeonne dans d’autres textes où l’on n’attendrait pas sa manifestation. L’objectif de cette étude est double : comprendre comment est pensé, conçu et construit le recueil médiéval d’une part, à partir du recueil de Paris, BnF, fr. 1553 ; d’autre part, il s’agira d’évaluer le rôle que la Vengeance Nostre Seigneur peut jouer dans la composition des manuscrits qui l’hébergent. Après l’analyse du recueil du Moyen Âge central en général et du recueil de Paris, BnF, fr. 1553 en particulier, l’étude se concentrera sur la Vengeance Nostre Seigneur afin de la situer dans le paysage littéraire médiéval (étude des sources, analyse générique, contexte de circulation). Il s’agira de comprendre la place qu’elle occupe dans le manuscrit de Paris, BnF, fr. 1553 et de saisir le phénomène de rayonnement qui surgit dans ce recueil. Le rôle de la Vengeance dans deux autres manuscrits qui, bien que fort différents, occupent une place importante dans la tradition, le recueil de Paris, BnF, fr. 1374 et le recueil de Turin, BNU, L.II.14, sera ensuite étudié, notamment en ce qui a trait au rayonnement de la légende. Enfin, les trois copies du texte seront comparées afin de déterminer dans quelle mesure ces trois rédactions représentent précisément le même récit. / The Vengeance Nostre Seigneur is an epic poem written around 1200 which depicts Jerusalem’s destruction in 70 AD by Vespasian and Titus as a vengeance for the Crucifixion. It is now known in ten manuscripts, all of them miscellanies, given its relative brevity (1200 to 3400 verses, depending on the redaction). This text has a peculiar behavior in some of the manuscripts where it is kept: the story of Christ’s vengeance appears in other texts in which we would not expect its manifestation. The purpose of this study is twofold: on one hand, to understand how the medieval collection is thought, built and conceived, from the manuscript of Paris, BnF, fr. 1553; and on the other hand, to evaluate the role the Vengeance Nostre Seigneur played in the composition of the manuscripts that hosts it. After analysing the medieval miscellany in general, and more specifically the Paris, BnF, fr. 1553 collection, the study will focus on the Vengeance Nostre Seigneur to position it on the medieval literary scene (study of the sources, generic analysis, circulation context). The goal will be to demonstrate the role it played in the Paris, BnF, fr. 1553 manuscript and to understand the phenomenon of unexpected presence of the legend in other texts of this collection. There will then be a study of the same phenomenon in two very different manuscripts that both occupy an important place in the tradition; the manuscripts of Paris, BnF, fr. 1374 and Turin, BNU, L.II.14. Finally, the three copies of the text will be compared to determine if these three redactions represent precisely the same story.

In much of the historiography surrounding print culture and the book trade, the worldliness of print remains a point of common emphasis. Indeed, many influential studies either assume or actively present the history of print as part of a broader ‘secularization thesis’. Recently, however, historians have challenged these narratives, recognizing the central role of religious print as a driver of growth within the book trade and discussion within the nascent ‘public sphere’. Yet the scholarship into ‘religion and the book’ remains fragmentary, focused on individual genres or persons, with no unified monograph or standard reference work yet to emerge. This dissertation addresses some of the barriers to synopsis by investigating the long-term print output of the largest social and professional group engaged in evangelizing Christianity to the public: the clergy of the Church of England. By focusing on the clergy, this dissertation evades the usual narrow focus on genre. In the past, book-historical and bibliographic studies have relied heavily on a priori classification schemes to study the market for print. While sufficient in the context of relatively well-defined genre categories, such as printed sermons, the validity of these classification schemes breaks down at the wider level, for example, under the conceptual burden of defining the highly fluid and wide-ranging category of ‘religious works’. This dissertation begins to remedy such problems by modelling the print output of a large population of authors who had the strongest stake in evangelizing Christianity to the public through print. It utilizes the latest techniques in the field of digital humanities and bibliometrics to create a representative sample of the print output of the Anglican clergy over the ‘long’ eighteenth-century (here 1660-1800). Based on statistical trends, the thesis identifies a crucial period in the history of clerical print culture, the first four decades of the Hanoverian regime. The period is explored in detail through three subsequent case studies. By combining both traditional and digital methods, therefore, the dissertation explores clerical publishing as a phenomenon subject to evolution and change at both the macro and micro level. The first chapter provides an overarching statistical study of clerical publishing between 1660 and 1800. By combining data from two bibliographical datasets, The English Short-Title Catalogue (ESTC), and the prosopographical resource, The Clergy of the Church of England Database (CCED), I extract and analyse a dataset of clerical works consisting of almost 35,000 bibliographic records. The remaining chapters approach the thesis topic through primary research-based case studies using both print and manuscript sources. The case studies were selected from the period identified in the preceding statistical analysis as a crucial transitional moment in the history of clerical publishing culture, c.1714 to 1750. These case studies form chapters 2, 3, and 4, each of which explore a different aspect of a network of authors who worked under the direction of the bishop of London, Edmund Gibson (1723-1748), during the era of Whig hegemony under Sir Robert Walpole. Finally, an appendix outlines the methodology used in chapter 1 to extract the sample of clerical printed works from the ESTC. Overall, the thesis demonstrates the profound influence of the clergy on the development of English print in the hand-press period. It thus forms both a historiographic intervention against the secularization thesis still implicit in discussions of print culture and the book trade, as well as providing a cautionary critique of the revisionism which has shaped recent investigations into the Church of England.