Realistic human models are widely used in variety of applications. Much research has been carried out on improving realism of virtual humans from various aspects, such as body shapes, hair, and facial expressions and so on. In most occasions, these virtual humans need to wear garments. However, it is time-consuming and tedious to dress a human model using current software packages [Maya2004]. Several methods for dressing virtual humans have been proposed recently [Bourguignon2001, Turquin2004, Turquin2007 and Wang2003B]. The method proposed by Bourguignon et al [Bourguignon2001] can only generate 3D garment contour instead of 3D surface. The method presented by Turquin et al. [Turquin2004, Turquin2007] could generate various kinds of garments from sketches but their garments followed the shape of the body and the side of a garment looked not convincing because of using simple linear interpolation. The method proposed by Wang et al. [Wang2003B] lacked interactivity from users, so users had very limited control on the garment shape.This thesis proposes a framework for dressing virtual humans to obtain convincing dressing results, which overcomes problems existing in previous papers mentioned above by using nonlinear interpolation, level set-based shape modification, feature constraints and so on. Human models used in this thesis are reconstructed from real human body data obtained using a body scanning system. Semantic information is then extracted from human models to assist in generation of 3 dimensional (3D) garments. The proposed framework allows users to dress virtual humans using garment patterns and sketches. The proposed dressing method is based on semantic virtual humans. A semantic human model is a human body with semantic information represented by certain of structure and body features. The semantic human body is reconstructed from body scanned data from a real human body. After segmenting the human model into six parts some key features are extracted. These key features are used as constraints for garment construction.Simple 3D garment patterns are generated using the techniques of sweep and offset. To dress a virtual human, users just choose a garment pattern, which is put on the human body at the default position with a default size automatically. Users are allowed to change simple parameters to specify some sizes of a garment by sketching the desired position on the human body.To enable users to dress virtual humans by their own design styles in an intuitive way, this thesis proposes an approach for garment generation from user-drawn sketches. Users can directly draw sketches around reconstructed human bodies and then generates 3D garments based on user-drawn strokes. Some techniques for generating 3D garments and dressing virtual humans are proposed. The specific focus of the research lies in generation of 3D geometric garments, garment shape modification, local shape modification, garment surface processing and decoration creation. A sketch-based interface has been developed allowing users to draw garment contour representing the front-view shape of a garment, and the system can generate a 3D geometric garment surface accordingly. To improve realism of a garment surface, this thesis presents three methods as follows. Firstly, the procedure of garment vertices generation takes key body features as constraints. Secondly, an optimisation algorithm is carried out after generation of garment vertices to optimise positions of garment vertices. Finally, some mesh processing schemes are applied to further process the garment surface. Then, an elaborate 3D geometric garment surface can be obtained through this series of processing. Finally, this thesis proposes some modification and editing methods. The user-drawn sketches are processed into spline curves, which allow users to modify the existing garment shape by dragging the control points into desired positions. This makes it easy for users to obtain a more satisfactory garment shape compared with the existing one. Three decoration tools including a 3D pen, a brush and an embroidery tool, are provided letting users decorate the garment surface by adding some small 3D details such as brand names, symbols and so on. The prototype of the framework is developed using Microsoft Visual Studio C++,OpenGL and GPU programming.

This thesis discusses a novel method for modelling facial action units. It presents facial action units model based on boundary value problems for accurate representation of human facial expression in three-dimensions. In particular, a solution to a fourth order elliptic Partial Differential Equation (PDE) subject to suitable boundary conditions is utilized, where the chosen boundary curves are based on muscles movement defined by Facial Action Coding System (FACS). This study involved three stages: modelling faces, manipulating faces and application to simple facial animation. In the first stage, PDE method is used in modelling and generating a smooth 3D face. The PDE formulation using small sets of parameters contributes to the efficiency of human face representation. In the manipulation stage, a generic PDE face of neutral expression is manipulated to a face with expression using PDE descriptors that uniquely represents an action unit. A combination of the PDE descriptor results in a generic PDE face having an expression, which successfully modelled four basic expressions: happy, sad, fear and disgust. An example of application is given using simple animation technique called blendshapes. This technique uses generic PDE face in animating basic expressions.

This paper describes a methodology to assess the energy performance of residential buildings starting from the semantic 3D city model of Vienna. Space heating, domestic hot water and electricity demand are taken into account. The paper deals with aspects related to urban data modelling, with particular attention to the energy-related topics, and with issues related to interactive data exploration/visualisation and management from a plugin-free web-browser, e.g. based on Cesium, a WebGL virtual globe and map engine. While providing references to existing previous works, only some general and introductory information is given about the data collection, harmonisation and integration process necessary to create the CityGML-based 3D city model, which serves as the central information hub for the different applications developed and described more in detail in this paper. The work aims, among the rest, at developing urban decision making and operational optimisation software tools to minimise non-renewable energy use in cities. The results obtained so far, as well as some comments about their quality and limitations, are presented, together with the discussion regarding the next steps and some planned improvements.

This paper describes a methodology to assess the energy performance of residential buildings starting from the semantic 3D city model of Vienna. Space heating, domestic hot water and electricity demand are taken into account. The paper deals with aspects related to urban data modelling, with particular attention to the energy-related topics, and with issues related to interactive data exploration/visualisation and management from a plugin-free web-browser, e.g. based on Cesium, a WebGL virtual globe and map engine. While providing references to existing previous works, only some general and introductory information is given about the data collection, harmonisation and integration process necessary to create the CityGML-based 3D city model, which serves as the central information hub for the different applications developed and described more in detail in this paper. The work aims, among the rest, at developing urban decision making and operational optimisation software tools to minimise non-renewable energy use in cities. The results obtained so far, as well as some comments about their quality and limitations, are presented, together with the discussion regarding the next steps and some planned improvements.

This thesis deals with the creation of a parametric 3D city model based on available spatial data.. The content is divided into two parts. The theoretical part describes the current state of 3D modeling and the second part describes the process of creating the final model and its conversion to CityGML.

This thesis discusses a novel method for modelling facial action units. It presents facial action units model based on boundary value problems for accurate representation of human facial expression in three-dimensions. In particular, a solution to a fourth order elliptic Partial Differential Equation (PDE) subject to suitable boundary conditions is utilized, where the chosen boundary curves are based on muscles movement defined by Facial Action Coding System (FACS). This study involved three stages: modelling faces, manipulating faces and application to simple facial animation. In the first stage, PDE method is used in modelling and generating a smooth 3D face. The PDE formulation using small sets of parameters contributes to the efficiency of human face representation. In the manipulation stage, a generic PDE face of neutral expression is manipulated to a face with expression using PDE descriptors that uniquely represents an action unit. A combination of the PDE descriptor results in a generic PDE face having an expression, which successfully modelled four basic expressions: happy, sad, fear and disgust. An example of application is given using simple animation technique called blendshapes. This technique uses generic PDE face in animating basic expressions. / Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia and Universiti Malaysia Terengganu

Le développement des appareils photos numériques, de la puissance de calcul des ordinateurs, les travaux de recherche en photogrammétrie et vision par ordinateur ont abouti à l’émergence récente de solutions opérationnelles permettant de construire de manière automatique des modèles 3D à partir de prises de vues à recouvrements multiples (multi stéréoscopiques).Par exemple, en prenant les « bonnes » photos, il est aujourd’hui possible de réaliser en quelques heures de calcul et quelques minutes d’interaction opérateur, des ortho-photos rigoureuses qui, il y a quelques années, auraient demandé des jours de restitution. Ces méthodes commencent à être répandues parmi certains acteurs du relevé patrimonial (architectes ou archéologues) et une économie commence même à se construire autour de services de modélisation 3D.Cependant ces méthodes restent loin d’être pleinement acceptées par la majorité des utilisateurs potentiels. Parmi les freins liés à la diffusion de ces techniques auprès des scientifiques du patrimoine, la méconnaissance des règles d’acquisition photographique permettant de tirer un parti optimum des outils de modélisation par photo.L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de réaliser un travail de transfert et d’accompagnent effectif des outils du monde de la technologie et de l’informatique vers celui des utilisateurs dans le domaine du patrimoine. De manière plus spécifique, la thématique d’application choisie est celle de l’archéologie préventive, dans laquelle les contraintes de budget et de calendrier pour la réalisation des fouilles rendent particulièrement intéressantes les méthodes de relevé par photo.Nos travaux ont exclusivement porté sur la mise au point de méthodes photogrammétriques à partir de protocoles d’acquisition d’images fiables et légers, ainsi que de traitements adaptés à chaque étape de la chaîne de calcul.Le choix de traiter tel ou tel type d’objet dans le cadre de nos travaux est indépendant de toute classification des nombreuses spécialités de l’archéologie, mais est plutôt lié à un cadrage méthodologique, préférant multiplier les protocoles expérimentaux de documentation de petits artéfacts plutôt que de diversifier le type de vestiges à documenter. Au-delà du cas des petits artéfacts, les problématiques soulevées par la documentation d’une fouille archéologique comme site « vivant » ont aussi été partiellement abordées. Des méthodes de relevé capables d’enregistrer de manière exhaustive l’ensemble des objets découverts tout en les associant à une stratigraphie particulière ont en effet été étudiées / The development of digital cameras, the computational power of computers, photogrammetry and computer vision research has led to the recent emergence of operational solutions for building automatically 3D models from shooting multiple overlays (stereoscopic multi).For example, taking the "good" photos, it is now possible to achieve in a few hours of calculation and a few minutes of operator interaction, rigorous ortho-photos that, there a few years have asked for days restitution. These methods are starting to be widespread among some in the heritage survey (architects or archaeologists) and an economy even starting to build around 3D modeling services.However, these methods are far from being fully accepted by the majority of potential users. Among the brakes associated with the dissemination of these techniques to the scientific heritage, ignorance of the rules of photographic acquisition to take optimum advantage of modeling tools per photo.The objective of this thesis is to do a job transfer and accompany the actual world of technology tools and IT to the users in the field of heritage. More specifically, the theme chosen for application is that of preventive archeology, in which the constraints of budget and timetable for the completion of excavations make it particularly interesting methods identified by photograph.Our work has focused exclusively on the development of photogrammetric methods from acquiring reliable and lightweight image protocols and treatments for each stage of the calculation chain.The choice to treat a particular type of object in the context of our work is independent of any classification of the many specialties of archeology, but is instead linked to a methodological framework, preferring multiply experimental protocols documentation rather small artifacts that diversify the type remains to be documented. Beyond the case of small artifacts, the issues raised by the documentation of an archaeological dig as a site "living" were also partially addressed. Survey methods capable of recording exhaustively all objects discovered while linking to a particular stratigraphy have indeed been studied

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has become broadly available and can be utilized to customize clamping mechanisms in biomechanical experiments. This report will describe our experience using 3D printed clamps to mount soft tissues from different anatomical regions. The feasibility and potential limitations of the technology will be discussed. Tissues were sourced in a fresh condition, including human skin, ligaments and tendons. Standardized clamps and fixtures were 3D printed and used to mount specimens. In quasi-static tensile tests combined with digital image correlation and fatigue trials we characterized the applicability of the clamping technique. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to evaluate the specimens to assess the integrity of the extracellular matrix following the mechanical tests. 3D printed clamps showed no signs of clamping-related failure during the quasi-static tests, and intact extracellular matrix was found in the clamping area, at the transition clamping area and the central area from where the strain data was obtained. In the fatigue tests, material slippage was low, allowing for cyclic tests beyond 105 cycles. Comparison to other clamping techniques yields that 3D printed clamps ease and expedite specimen handling, are highly adaptable to specimen geometries and ideal for high-standardization and high-throughput experiments in soft tissue biomechanics.

This thesis presents the development of a new multiscale stochastic fracture mechanics modelling framework informed by in-situ X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT) tests, which can be used to enhance the quality of new designs and prognosis practices for fibre reinforced composites. To reduce the empiricism and conservatism of existing methods, this PhD research systematically has tackled several challenging tasks including: (i) extension of the cohesive interface crack model to multi-phase composites in both 2D and 3D, (ii) development of a new in-house loading rig to support in-situ X-ray CT tests, (iii) reconstruction of low phase-contrast X-ray CT datasets of carbon fibre composites, (iv) integration of X-ray CT image-based models into detailed crack propagation FE modelling and (v) validation of a partially informed multiscale stochastic modelling method by direct comparison with in-situ X-ray CT tensile test results.