A numerical formulation for two-dimensional electro-osmotic consolidation in soft clays was derived from the basic equations of fluid flow, current flow and virtual work law. And, a well known elasto-plastic soil model, Modified Cam Clay was embedded into the formulation and implemented into the finite element program AFENA. The formulation was evaluated by comparing the predicted settlement and pore water pressure response with the values obtained from laboratory tests. The tests were conducted in an electro-osmotic triaxial apparatus, which was modified from a standard triaxial apparatus to facilitate electro-osmotic consolidation and required measurements. A series of electro-osmotic consolidation tests under different initial stress conditions were conducted to evaluate the finite element model and very good agreements between the observed and predicted results were observed. Another set of electro-osmotic tests were conducted with the similar initial stress, but different boundary conditions to examine the effects of electrochemical changes during the electro-osmosis. The study showed an apparent increase in the preconsolidation pressure and alteration in the coefficient of consolidation as a result of the electrochemical changes. A one-dimensional electro-osmotic consolidation problem was simulated and analysed, and the settlement and pore water pressure responses were compared with the solutions obtained from Esrig's (1968) one-dimensional theory. Another problem involving combined electro-osmotic and direct loading consolidation was also analysed and the results were compared with the solutions obtained from Wan and Mitchell's (1976) theory. Excellent matches were observed in both cases mentioned above for constant values of electro-osmotic and hydraulic permeabilities. However, the effects of varying electro-osmotic and hydraulic permeabilities, which are practically far more significant and not adopted in the theories mentioned above, were also analysed and the results presented. An attempt was made to simulate and analyse one of the successful field trial of electro-osmotic stabilisation conducted by Bjerrum et al (1967) on Norwegian quick clay. Good agreement between the predicted and reported settlement was observed for the first 50days of the treatment period. However, the model over-predicted the settlement after this period and the possible causes for this variation are discussed.

[pt] A predição da permeabilidade é uma etapa crítica no fluxo de caracterização e modelagem geológica de reservatórios e essencial para o desenvolvimento de projetos de produção. Estruturas subsísmicas denominadas bandas de deformação (BD) podem diminuir a permeabilidade em até seis ordens de grandeza em relação à rocha matriz de reservatórios areníticos e podem, dessa forma, atuar como barreiras totais ou parciais ao fluxo de fluidos. O presente trabalho pretende contribuir na determinação do comportamento hidráulico de reservatórios propondo um modelo geomecânico analítico para a predição de BD em reservatórios de arenitos. Em termos práticos, o objetivo é prever se em uma determinada porção de um depósito siliciclástico de hidrocarboneto foram atingidas condições para a formação de BD, ou quão próximo se está de uma possível geração dessa feição a fim de se sugerir uma análise da redução de permeabilidade. A proposta se estende na implementação computacional do método e sua aplicação em um estudo de caso de um reservatório arenítico pouco consolidado da margem continental brasileira rico em BD. Os resultados confirmaram a viabilidade do método mostrando que a porção do reservatório analisada atingiu as condições mecânicas para a gênese de BD a partir da idade geológica intitulada de Oligoceno (~ 23 a 35 Ma) para os cenários estabelecidos. / [en] The permeability prediction is a critical step in the flow of geological modeling and reservoir characterization and is essential for the development of production projects. Sub-seismic structures called deformation bands (BD) can reduce permeability up to six orders of magnitude in relation to the host reservoir sandstone and can thus act as total or partial barriers to the fluid flow. The present work intends to contribute in the determination of the hydraulic behavior of reservoirs proposing an analytical geomechanical model for BD s prediction in sandstone reservoirs. In practical terms, the objective is to predict whether the conditions in a given portion of a siliciclastic hydrocarbon deposit have been reached for the localization of BD or how close it is to a possible generation of this feature in order to suggest an analysis of the permeability reduction. The proposal extends to the computational implementation of the method and its application in a case study of a poorly consolidated sandstone reservoir on the brazilian continental margin, rich in BD. The results confirmed the viability of the method by showing that the portion of the analyzed reservoir reached the mechanical conditions for the genesis of BD from the geological age entitled Oligocene (~ 23 to 35 Ma) for the established scenarios.

[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a implementação e avaliação de um modelo constitutivo para solos reforçados com fibra (compósito). A principal característica do modelo constitutivo implementado é que cada material (matriz de solo e fibra) segue sua própria lei constitutiva e ao mesmo tempo interagem entre si. Utilizando um algoritmo explícito, são implementados os modelos Cam Clay Modificado e Lade-Kim para a matriz de solo, cuja verificação é feita mediante o programa PLAXIS 2D e curvas tensão-deformação obtidas da literatura, respectivamente. Posteriormente, é adicionado o comportamento da fibra no desenvolvimento das tensões no compósito e verificado mediante a comparação das curvas tensão-deformação com as apresentadas por Diambra et al. (2013). As linguagens de programação utilizadas neste trabalho foram duas, a primeira é a utilizada no programa MATLAB, onde os códigos dos modelos são verificados e validados em relação à um conjunto de ensaios triaxiais de areia reforçada com fibra. Posteriormente foi usada a linguagem de programação FORTRAN para incluir o modelo constitutivo para solo reforçado com fibras no programa de elementos finitos ABAQUS, através da sub-rotina UMAT. Porém, para a implementação na sub-rotina UMAT os códigos dos modelos implementados no MATLAB sofrem algumas modificações com a finalidade de que o ABAQUS consiga compilar e representar adequadamento o comportamento do modelo constitutivo, mediante a correta utilização de vetores e propriedades desta. Finalmente, são modelados ensaios triaxiais drenados para verificar que a implementação mediante a sub-rotina UMAT é satisfatória. / [en] The present work aims to implement and evaluate a constitutive model for fiber-reinforced soils (composite). The main characteristic of the constitutive model implemented is that each material (soil and fiber matrix) follows its own constitutive law and at the same time interact with each other. Using an explicit algorithm, the Cam Clay Modified and Lade-Kim models are implemented for the soil matrix, verified by the PLAXIS 2D software and stress-strain curves obtained from the literature, respectively. Later, it is included the behavior of the fiber in the development of the stresses in the composite and verified by the comparison of the stress-strain curves with those presented by Diambra et al. (2013). The programming languages used in this work were two, the first one is the one used in the MATLAB program, where the codes of the models are verified and validated in relation to a set of triaxial tests of fiber-reinforced sands. Later the programming language was converted into FORTRAN to include the constitutive model for fiber reinforced soil in the ABAQUS finite element software, through the UMAT subroutine. However, for the implementation in the UMAT subroutine the codes of the models implemented in MATLAB undergo some modifications in order that ABAQUS can compile and represent adequately the behavior of the constitutive model through the correct use of vectors and its properties. Finally, drained triaxial tests are modeled to verify that the implementation through the UMAT subroutine is satisfactory.