Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a human specific bacterial pathogen which causes a variety of diseases and is responsible for significant mortality worldwide. GAS are known to interact with the immune system, notably by binding host serum proteins to the bacterial surface.Many of these binding functions are attributed to the GAS M protein, the archetypal GAS virulence factor, the substrate for GAS typing and the leading GAS vaccine candidate. The vast diversity of GAS strains has however made vaccine development challenging. We investigated the potential for cross-protective immunity within closely related strains in a clinical setting in Fiji. This study has shown that immunity to GAS skin infection was broader than previously believed and included some level of cross-opsonisation betweenGAS strains. The level of such cross-opsonisation was, however, variable among GAS lineages. We have also shown that the immunity to conserved M antigens was quite variable. These results inspired us to investigate other suitable vaccine antigens. We hypothesised that in cases where the M protein was less immunodominant, perhaps closely related M-like proteins played an important role in immunity. We therefore began global characterisation ofthe two major M-like proteins, called Mrp and Enn. A representative worldwide genomic collection including more than 2000 isolates originating from multiple continents and various clinical manifestations has been established collaboratively. We focused our analyses on theMga regulon which encodes M and M-like proteins. We found that mrp and enn genes were present in 85% of genomes suggestive of their importance to GAS survival and spread. We developed molecular definitions of the different genes families, clarifying nomenclature forthe worldwide reference laboratory at the American CDC. We established and validated an updated, more specific typing protocol for GAS which will reduce future misclassifications. We have also analysed the genetic linkage between M and M-like protein alleles and developed clusters of closely related protein sequences. By characterising this complex and variable genetic region, we provide a framework for future functional investigations. Finally, we began functional characterisation of Enn proteins by investigating the differential capacity of Enn proteins to bind to C4BP, an inhibitor of complement. Altogether our results suggest M-like proteins play an important role in GAS virulence and should not be neglected. These data support further functional analyses to better understand the contribution of M-like proteins to GAS infection. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les bactéries du genre Shigella sont responsables de la shigellose, une maladie diarrhéique invasive du colon. L’entrée et la dissémination de Shigella à travers l’épithélium colique sont médiées par un système de sécrétion de type III (SST3) codé par un plasmide de virulence. Au sein de ce plasmide se trouve une région de 30-kb comportant les gènes impliqués dans l’entrée de la bactérie dans les cellules hôtes. Ces gènes sont regroupés en deux loci :le locus ipa-ipg qui code pour les protéines sécrétées et leurs chaperons ainsi que le locus mxi-spa codant pour les composants de l’appareil de sécrétion de type III (AST3), constitué d’un bulbe cytoplasmique, d’un corps basal transmembranaire et d’une aiguille se projetant au niveau extracellulaire. Ce système permet la sécrétion ordonnée et hiérarchique de différentes classes de protéines et la translocation de certaines d’entre elles (appelées effecteurs) dans le cytoplasme de la cellule hôte où elles interfèrent avec les voies de signalisation cellulaires. Avant le contact avec la cellule hôte, l’AST3 est inactif et verrouillé par les protéines IpaB et IpaD formant le complexe d’extrémité.<p>Chez Shigella, le gatekeeper MxiC séquestre les effecteurs au niveau du cytoplasme bactérien avant la transmission par l’aiguille du signal d’activation de la sécrétion mais les composants intermédiaires liant l’aiguille à MxiC restaient inconnus. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons montré que MxiC forme un complexe avec la sous-unité de la tige interne, MxiI, afin de bloquer l’entrée du canal de sécrétion et que cette interaction est conservée chez Yersinia et Salmonella. Nous démontrons que, suite au contact cellulaire, la dissociation de ce complexe facilite le switch de sécrétion des translocateurs aux effecteurs. Nos résultats révèlent également que MxiC est capable de s’associer au chaperon IpgC afin de réguler la sécrétion des translocateurs. De plus, nous avons identifié les domaines de MxiC engagés dans la régulation du SST3 et rapporté un nouveau rôle de MxiC dans l’échappement aux macrophage impliquant une possible inhibition de la voie apoptotique classique afin de promouvoir une pyroptose. Chez Shigella, IpaD gouverne la composition du complexe d’extrémité et est impliqué dans la régulation de la sécrétion. Nous avons développé une étude phénotypique de ses régions coiled-coil et centrale et montré que la composition du complexe d’extrémité permet de définir à la fois l’état d’inductibilité de l’AST3 et la sécrétion des effecteurs tardifs. Par ailleurs, notre étude fonctionnelle des domaines de MxiC et IpaD suggère que les capacités de Shigella à échapper au macrophage et à insérer un pore de translocation ne sont pas strictement couplées. <p>La dernière partie de ce travail s’est focalisée sur la caractérisation de la protéine Spa13 de Shigella. Nous avons découvert que le défaut de sécrétion du mutant spa13 est dû à l’instabilité de la sous-unité MxiH de l’aiguille et que Spa13 n’est pas sécrété par le SST3. Nos résultats indiquent également un rôle de Spa13 dans l’escorte de chaperons et l’activation de l’appareil d’exportation afin de promouvoir la sécrétion des substrats./Shigella is the causative agent of shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery, an invasive disease of the human colonic epithelium. During infection, Shigella uses a type III secretion system (T3SS) to penetrate enterocytes and to disseminate into the colonic epithelium, leading to destruction of the mucosal lining and shigellosis symptoms. Most of the virulence factors of Shigella are encoded by a large plasmid harboring a 30-kb region that is sufficient to promote bacterial entry into host cells. This entry region is organized in two loci, one corresponding to the the ipa-ipg genes encoding the secreted proteins and their cognate chaperones while the other encodes Mxi-Spa proteins that form the type III secretion apparatus (T3SA), consisting of a cytoplasmic bulb, a basal body spanning the bacterial envelope and a hollow needle. The T3SS allows the ordered and hierarchical secretion of effectors by inserting a translocation pore in the host cell membrane through which effector proteins are injected into the cytosol. Before host cell contact, the T3SA is inactive and plugged by the tip complex proteins IpaB and IpaD. <p>In Shigella, the gatekeeper MxiC is known to sequester effectors within the cytoplasm prior to receiving the activation signal from the needle but the molecules involved in linking the needle and MxiC are unknown. We demonstrated that MxiC and the predicted inner-rod component MxiI form a complex plugging the T3SA entry gate and showed that this interaction is conserved in Yersinia and Salmonella. Dissociation of this complex seems to facilitate the switch in secretion from translocators to effectors upon host cell contact. Our results also revealed that MxiC binds to the chaperone IpgC to regulate translocators secretion. Moreover, we identified the domains of MxiC involved in the T3S regulation and reported a new role in macrophage escape by potential inhibition of the classical apoptosis to promote pro-inflammatory pyroptosis. <p>In Shigella, IpaD rules the composition of the tip complex and is involved in secretion control and translocon insertion. We therefore undertook a phenotypic analysis of its coiled-coil and central regions and showed that the composition of the tip complex defines both the T3SA inducibility state and late effectors secretion. Besides, our functional study on MxiC and IpaD domains suggests that Shigella abilities to escape macrophage vacuole and to insert the translocation pore are uncoupled.<p>The last part of this work is related to the characterization of the Spa13 protein of Shigella. We found that the secretion defect of the spa13 mutant is due to the instability of the needle component MxiH and that Spa13 is not a secreted substrat. Our results also support a dual role of Spa13 as a chaperone escort and as an export gate-activator switch to promote substrates secretion. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished