Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Thesis (doctoral)--Hochschule St. Gallen für Wirtschafts-, Rechts- und Sozialwissenschaften, 1992. / "Dissertation Nr. 1336." Includes bibliographical references (p. 243-277).

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. / Advisor(s): San Miguel, Joseph G. ; Freeman, Michael. "September 2008." "MBA professional report"--Cover. "AD-A488 832." Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-52).

The purpose of this study is to identify how the U.S. is responding to money laundering and what kind of problems arise while countering it, beginning with a detailed description of money laundering, its stages, typologies, impacts, and complications. Due to the broad nature of this subject only three main issues form the focal point of this study: problems concerning the banking industry and other financial organizations, problems resulting from the limitations of law enforcement agencies, and problems arising from the lack of cooperation between and within financial institutions and law enforcement agencies. Several probable solutions to the above problems are identified: Considering the financial industry, there are loopholes in the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) and in other regulations that apply to the industry. Thus, there is a comparison of the Subjective Model vs. Objective Model in terms of reporting systems for financial organizations. On the law enforcement side, the priority is the need to update and upgrade their technology and investigation mechanisms in order not to fall behind the criminals. Finally, cooperation is something that can be achieved through mutual respect and understanding of the priorities of each side, which can be achieved by the creation of an upper agency of whose members represent both sides of the combat efforts.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Graz. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 325-339) and register.

Thesis (M(Security studies)) -- University of Pretoria, 2008.

Magister Legum - LLM / In 20 the years after the genocide that afflicted Rwanda, the country has made considerable progress towards developing human resources in the public sector. It has kick-started its economy and improved sectors such as public health and education. There is still a need to attract direct foreign investment to boost the economy even further. However, Rwanda needs to take precautionary measures to ensure that it does not fall prey to economic criminality which will impede its economic progress. The fact of the matter is that young transitional democracies are prone to attract economic delinquents who take advantage of loopholes in the law to advance their criminal goals. This is particularly so in a country such as Rwanda, where the government has to prioritise other pressing needs that must be addressed. This paper assesses the extent to which Rwanda is prepared to deal with the menace of money laundering, a threat that may well stunt its ambitions to build a strong economy.

The variations that exist in the definitions or interpretations of money laundering is not relevant to the actual meaning of the term money laundering, but rather to the transactions that could be indicative of money laundering. Therefore money laundering becomes easier when poorly legislation creates loopholes that can be demoralised by criminal syndicates and terrorist financing. Since 1996, the South African Reserve Bank has been in negotiations with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the United States Federal Reserve Bank and many European financial institutions to ensure that South Africa can compete in the International sphere. To comply with International banking standards, South Africa has promulgated a number of laws, for example The Prevention of Organised Crime Act of 1996, The Proceeds of Crime Act of 1997, The Money Laundering Control Act of 2000 and The Financial Intelligence Centre Act of 2003. Money laundering attracted increasing interest since the late 1980‘s. To control the increase in money laundering, a number of initiatives were adopted, for example the Financial Action Task Force on money laundering in 1989. The Eastern and Southern African countries also formed the Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money laundering Group (ESAAMLG) in 1999. The advances in technology and particularly electronic funds transfers brought a dramatic increase in organised crime. In respect hereof, South Africa received attention in terms of The Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 as well as the Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 of 2001 to prevent the increase of money laundering. With South Africa returning into the International sphere, South Africa is becoming increasingly attractive to the practical dilemmas of money laundering. Certain challenges on money laundering have an impact on legislators, both in South Africa and Africa. These challenges include criminal syndicates profiting from criminal activities to financing of terrorism such as 11 September 2001. By using South Africa as an example against the selected African countries, it is indicated how the certain implications of money laundering undermine the legitimate private sector. One way to address the challenges of money laundering is that legislators must understand how these criminal syndicates operate as well as the terrorist financing thereof. This mini-dissertation gives an historical overview of what money laundering entails in South Africa as well as the selected African countries, the typologies thereof as well as the legislation dealing with money laundering in South Africa. It also provides the practical implications of implementing the money laundering measures in South Africa as well as the selected African countries against the background of the challenges and realities thereof. Money laundering is difficult to measure, but a preliminary attempt was made to give recommendations on this global predicament. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

Law enforcement organisations and intergovernmental bodies, such as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), have become increasingly focused on the role that legal and financial professionals play in the facilitation of money laundering, with claims that stringent anti-money laundering controls and increasingly complex laundering methods have led criminals to become more reliant on the services provided by professionals to manage their illicit funds. As a result, a number of legislative and policy measures aimed at preventing professionals from becoming involved in money laundering have been implemented at national and international levels. However, the role played by professionals in the facilitation of money laundering has received limited academic attention and there has been little empirical research in the area, resulting in a lack of understanding about the nature of this role and allowing an official narrative about professionals’ involvement in money laundering to persist without challenge. This thesis explores the role of legal and financial professionals in the facilitation of money laundering, using the concept of ‘situated action’ to explain the actions of professionals involved in laundering criminal proceeds, and an analytical framework which directs attention towards the relationship between these actions and the organisational setting and wider contexts in which they occur. The thesis also considers the criminal justice and regulatory response to professionals’ involvement in money laundering in the UK. The research utilised a qualitative methodology, combining semi-structured interviews with individuals from law enforcement and criminal justice bodies, regulatory bodies, and the relevant professions, with data on 20 cases of professionals convicted of money laundering in the UK. The research found that the facilitation of money laundering by professionals is complex and diverse, comprising a variety of actions, purposes, actors and relationships. While some professionals are complicit in the laundering, many cases involve a more ambiguous ‘grey area’ of intent, which is not about making a deliberate choice to offend or taking opportunities to facilitate money laundering. Instead, decisions to proceed with transactions involving criminal proceeds are shaped by the nature of the occupational role, social relationships and dynamics, and the particular circumstances leading up to and surrounding the point at which the decision is made. A mixed response, involving both criminal justice and regulatory processes, may be the most effective approach to professional involvement in money laundering. However, there are a number of problems with such a model at the current time, including a lack of communication and trust between law enforcement and regulatory bodies, and limitations in the scope of regulation.

University of Macau / Faculty of Science and Technology / Department of Computer and Information Science