Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) are two of the major capillary electrophoresis (CE) modes that have been interfaced to mass spectrometry (MS) for sensitive and selective analysis of chiral compounds. This research combines these two modes and expands their applications in chiral CE analysis. Chapter 1 is a review of amino acid based molecular micelles used in MEKC-MS for enantioselective analysis over the past five years. In this chapter, a typical MEKC-MS experiment setup as well as detailed standard operating procedure in synthesis of molecular micelles and running a typical MEKC-MS experiment using the molecular micelles is discussed. Chapter 2 described a multivariate MEKC-MS optimization for the simultaneous analysis of two negatively charged model chiral compounds in negative ion mode with molecular micelles. In this chapter, a central composite design (CCD) is used to first construct a series of experiments to optimize all the important MEKC-MS parameters. Next, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the interactions between the factors, picking up the best separation and detection conditions, predicting the result of the chiral separation/MS detection, and finally running the actual experiment and comparing the chromatographic results with the predicted parameters. Chapter 3 demonstrates a similar multivariate MEKC-MS optimization for analysis of a positively charged model chiral compound in a positive ion mode. The same CCD and RSM methods were used to optimize the separations and MS sensitivity. Chapter 4 describes a chiral analysis of four neutral benzoin derivatives (hydrobenzoin, benzoin, benzoin methyl ether, and benzoin ethyl ether) using MEKC coupled to atmospheric pressure photo-ionization mass spectrometry (APPI-MS). The same multivariate experimental design strategy was used to optimize the MEKC as well as APPI-MS parameters. Simultaneous chiral separation of all four benzoin derivatives was achieved with high detection sensitivity compared to UV-detection. Chapter 5 introduces a novel one-pot synthesis scheme for an acryloyl-terminated, carbamate-linked surfactant-bound monolith with leucine head group and different chain lengths. The method promises to open up the discovery of new amino acid based polymeric monoliths for chiral separations and enhanced chemoselectivity for simultaneous chiral separations and enhanced detection in CEC and CEC-MS. In Chapter 6, five amide-linked surfactant-bound monoliths with different chain lengths and head groups (leucine, valine, and phenylalanine) were synthesized and characterized. Enantioseparation of several test compounds was achieved by CEC using the monolithic columns. One of the chiral surfactant, sodium 11-acrylamidoundecanoyl-L-leucinate (SAAUL), was polymerized in aqueous solution under 60Co radiation to form molecular micelle poly-SAAUL. MEKC experiments were carried out with the poly-SAAUL molecular micelle to separate ten cationic chiral compounds. The result was compared with the CEC separation using the AAUL monolithic column. This study is the first comparison of chiral CEC and MEKC with the same surfactant monomer, which has the capability of forming both chiral stationary phase for CEC and chiral pseudophase for MEKC.

Orientador: Carla Beatriz Grespan Bottoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T12:28:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aguiar_ValeskaSoares_M.pdf: 8050447 bytes, checksum: b6132fb136ec04b91b3bdb6e10fbeaf4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A Eletrocromatografia Capilar (CEC) é uma técnica de separação que combina a seletividade cromatográfica da Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (HPLC) com a alta eficiência da Eletroforese Capilar (CE). A coluna capilar usada na separação é preenchida com uma fase estacionária, que pode ser do tipo particulada ou monolítica. Neste trabalho, monolitos poliméricos orgânicos foram preparados por polimerização in situ a partir dos monômeros octadecilmetacrilato (precursor e seletor hidrofóbico), etilenodimetacrilato (agente de entrecruzamento) e ácido 2-acriloilamido-2- metilpropanossulfóxido (monômero ionizável), além de diferentes tipos de solventes porogênicos, como álcool isoamílico, amílico, cicloexanol e 1,4- butanodiol, na presença e na ausência de água. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, variaram-se a natureza e a proporção entre os solventes porogênicos e, na segunda, o mesmo ocorreu com a proporção entre o conjunto de monômeros e de solventes porogênicos. As fases estacionárias foram caracterizadas por técnicas físicas como a microscopia eletrônica de varredura e a porosimetria; e as colunas moldadas com o material monolítico foram avaliadas pela técnica de CEC. As colunas apresentaram eficiência na faixa de 3000 a 50000 pratos m. A análise das isotermas de adsorção e dessorção de nitrogênio e das curvas de distribuição de poros permitiu afirmar que o material monolítico sintetizado é essencialmente micro e mesoporoso. Os macroporos para fluxo de fase móvel foram nitidamente observados em imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Assim, as fases monolíticas apresentaram três tipos de poros: micro, meso e macroporos. Na segunda parte do trabalho, avaliou-se a repetibilidade de preparo das fases monolíticas e notou-se grande falta de repetibilidade em termos de eficiência de separação. As fases monolíticas apresentaram alto caráter apolar e seletividade metilênica adequada para separação de analitos apolares e aromáticos, como alquilbenzenos, alquilparabenos e hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos / Abstract: Capillary Electrochromatography (CEC) is a separation technique that matches the chromatographic selectivity of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with the high efficiency of Capillary Electrophoresis (CE). The capillary column used in the separation is filled with a stationary phase, which can be particulate or monolithic. In this work, organic polymeric monoliths were prepared through in situ polymerization from the monomers octadecyl methacrylate (precursor and hydrophobic selector), ethylene dimethacrylate (cross-linking agent) and 2-acryloylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (ionizable component), using different types of porogenic solvents, such as isoamyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, cyclohexanol and 1,4-butanediol, in the presence or absence of water. In the first step, the nature and proportion between the porogenic solvents were varied and, in the second, the same occurred with the proportion between the set of monomers and porogenic solvents. The stationary phases were characterized by physical techniques such as scanning electron microscopy and porosimetry; and the columns prepared with the monolithic material were evaluated through the CEC technique. The columns presented efficiencies in the range of 3000 to 50000 plates m. Analysis of the nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms and the pore distribution curves enable affirming that the synthesized monolithic material is essentially micro- and mesoporous. The macropores for the flow of the mobile phase were clearly observed in images of scanning electron microscopy. So, the monolithic phases have three types of pores: micro-, meso- and macropores. In the second part of this work, the repeatability of synthesis of the monolithic phases was evaluated and a lack of repeatability related to separation efficiency was noted. The monolithic phases had high apolar character and adequate methylenic selectivity for separation of apolar and aromatic analytes, such as alkylbenzenes, alkylparabens and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is a major capillary electrophoresis (CE) mode that have been interfaced to mass spectrometry (MS) for sensitive and selective analysis of chiral compounds. This research expands CEC applications in cancer biomarker and chiral CE analysis. Chapter 1 is a review of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (CE/MS) for analysis of metabolites in prostate cancer diagnostics and therapies. In this chapter, a literature survey was performed within the databases PubMed, 4 Caplus/Webline and Web of Sciences. A total 17 studies reporting on various analytical platforms for metabolite identification in prostate cancer research, which often include case-control comparison were identified and reviewed. Chapter 2 described the analysis of metabolite biomarkers in prostate cancer tissues by capillary electrochromatography mass spectrometry. In this chapter, a capillary CEC–MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous determination and separation of eight proofs of concept (POC) metabolites (betaine, malate, proline, N-acetyl aspartate, N-acetylglucosamine, uracil, xanthine, and alanine) as potential prostate cancer diagnostic markers. A polymeric monolith column with a hydrophilic crosslinker and strong anion-exchange mixed-mode has been fabricated by an in situ copolymerization of vinyl benzyl trimethylammonium chloride, and bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BisGMA) in the presence of methanol and dodecyl alcohol as porogens and AIBN as initiator. After CEC separation, samples were analyzed by a triple–quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in positive ion mode. After optimization, the data showed that the CEC-MS/MS method using monolithic column achieved a much better chromatographic selectivity compared to coated columns and increased sensitivity than bare fused silica column The effect of mobile phase pH, ACN percentage and additive were studies. Under the optimum mobile phase conditions, this method was carried out to separate and detect eight metabolites in the biopsy sample. The LOD for the metabolites is between 50nM-100nM. This method has successfully used to examine patients’ prostate cancer with an accuracy of 95%. Chapter 3 demonstrates Insights into Chiral Recognition Mechanisms in CEC using linear salvation energy relationship. By varying the linker (amide and carbamate), head group (alanine, leucine, and valine) and chain length (C8, C10 and C12) of the amino acid bound surfactants; monolithic column was made to ultimately understand the factors governing chiral stationary solid phase. Through the comparison of system parameters, we can see that surfactant head group, linker and chain length affect the separation of achiral and chiral compounds. Also, with the same type surfactant, data was presented to show how the trend of LSER parameters and how it affects separation between in CEC. This study showed the predictive capability of LSER to understand the aforementioned intermolecular processes controlling retention and by doing so, be able to quantitatively predict the experimental conditions to achieve an acceptable chiral separation.