Many environmental free surface flows involve water and sediment transport. The net changes to the surface level of an erodible bed by sediment entrainment and deposition processes have a feedback effect on the local ow hydrodynamics. Bed morphological change is of great socio-economic and environmental importance in that it affects navigation, flood risk management, water quality, species diversity, and overall river sustainability. This thesis describes a mathematical model of the depth-averaged shallow water-sediment equations based on mass and momentum conservation laws. A 2D numerical model is then presented of the fully coupled, variable-density governing equations, which are solved using a Godunov-type HLLC scheme. Dependent variables are specially selected in the numerical model to handle the presence of the variable-density mixture in the mathematical formulation. The model includes suspended sediment, bedload transport, and bed morphological change. The numerical model is verified against benchmark analytical and semi-analytical solutions for complicated, clear water flows, bedload transport and suspended sediment transport. The well-balanced property of the governing equations is verified for a variable-density dam break flow over a bed step. Simulations of an idealised dam-break flow over an erodible bed, in excellent agreement with previously published results, validate the ability of the model to capture complex water-sediment interactions under rapidly-varying flow conditions and a mobile bed, and validate the eigenstructure of the system of variable-density governing equations. The model is then further validated against laboratory based data for complex 2D partial dam breaks over fixed and mobile beds, respectively. The simulations of 2D dam break flows over mobile beds highlight the sensitivity of the results to the choice of closure relationships for sediment transport. To investigate this further, a parameter study is carried out using a variety of commonly used empirical formulae for suspended sediment transport. The numerical model is also used to inform a theoretical model that predicts the flow through and around a porous obstruction in a shallow channel. This problem is relevant to several practical applications, including flow through aquatic vegetation and the performance of arrays of tidal turbines in a finite-width tidal channel. The theoretical model is used to reinterpret the core flow velocities in laboratory-based data for an array of emergent cylinders in a shallow channel. Comparison with experimental data indicates the maximum obstacle resistance for which the theoretical model is valid. In a final application, the theoretical model examines the optimum arrangement of tidal turbines to generate power in a tidal channel, confirming that natural bed resistance increases the power extraction potential for a partial tidal fence.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:44:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07161.pdf: 4310254 bytes, checksum: f0dfb6cd3b3b09bc19f77218f18e63a2 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 10000.pdf: 3176708 bytes, checksum: 4df01f9ae75cc5b485f84af90fd7fc76 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:44:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07161.pdf: 4310254 bytes, checksum: f0dfb6cd3b3b09bc19f77218f18e63a2 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 10000.pdf: 3176708 bytes, checksum: 4df01f9ae75cc5b485f84af90fd7fc76 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

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In this study, we sought to define an underlying molecular mechanism of how inflammation induces cancer initiation. Cancer-associated inflammation is marked by the presence of inflammatory cells and mediators including cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species. There is a growing body of evidence establishing the link between chronic inflammation and cancer. Twenty percent of cancers have been linked to chronic infections. For instance, bacterial and viral infections induce inflammation which is a known risk factor for cancer. During inflammation, Ml macrophages' production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) drives their function as anti-microbial. Likewise, the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-KB) is known to induce a variety of stimulators, including ROS, to contribute to the inflammatory process. Therefore, we sought to explore the relationship between Ml macrophages and NF-KB, suggesting that Ml macrophage mediates cancer initiation via a NF-KB-dependent pathway, which collectively contributes to a metastatic phenotype.

A lombalgia e a cervicalgia possui grande incidência em toda a população mundial. Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), em média, cerca de 80% da população adulta apresenta, em algum momento da vida, pelo menos uma queixa de dor na coluna, onde a degeneração da articulação do processo articular é frequentemente apontada como a etiologia. Diversos estudos vêm sendo realizados, na tentativa de se compreender como ocorre o processo degenerativo patológico dessas articulações, onde, frequentemente são usados indivíduos sintomáticos. Deste modo, avaliou-se, com o uso de técnicas macroscópicas, de microscopia de luz e de microscopia eletrônica, a organização estrutural da cartilagem dos processos articulares (CPas) das vértebras cervicais (C) e lombares (L) de indivíduos jovens (GJ) e idosos (GI), presumivelmente assintomáticos. Foram utilizados blocos vertebrais obtidos de cadáveres necropsiados no Serviço de Verificação de Óbitos da Capital do Estado de São Paulo, onde familiares de todos os indivíduos forneceram informações que permitiram incluir ou excluí-los da pesquisa. Os resultados mostram que ocorrem alterações na superfície da CPa do segmento L no GJ. A degeneração da CPa ocorre de forma heterogênea entre os indivíduos do GI e as característica do grau 2 podem ser admitidas como decorrentes do processo de envelhecimento normal, não havendo diferenças entre os segmentos C e L. / Back pain and neck pain have a high occurrence in populations worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 80% of adults have at some instance in life pain in the spine with an etiology frequently indicated to be the degeneration of the articular process. Several studies have been undertaken to understand how the pathological degenerative process occurs and symptomatic subjects are frequently used for this end. Macroscopic and light and electron microscopy techniques have been employed to assess the structural organization of the cartilage of the articulation processes (CAP) of the cervical (C) and lumbar (L) vertebrae of presumably asymptomatic young (Y) and elderly (E) people. Samples, retrieved from routinely necropsied corpses by the Death Verification Service of the Capital City of the State of São Paulo (SVOC/SP) and the family of all individuals provided information that enabled include or exclude them from search. Results show that changes in the CAP surface of segment L of Y occur. CAP degradation occurs heterogeneously among elderly people, whereas second degree characteristics are caused by normal aging without any difference between the C and L segments.

Orientador: Maria do Carmo Bittencourt de Oliveira / Banca: Carlos Eduardo de Mattos Bicudo / Banca: João Dias de Toledo Arruda Neto / Resumo: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii é uma espécie formadora de florações potencialmente tóxicas em sistemas aquáticos eutrofizados, inclusive naqueles utilizados para abastecimento público, podendo trazer riscos à saúde humana. Esta espécie apresenta morfologia do tricoma reto, sigmóide e espiralado, sendo que as razões para esta variação ainda não foram claramente definidas. Estudos comparativos de seqüências genéticas têm demonstrado que a morfologia não está relacionada à filogenia do gênero Cylindrospermopsis e que os diferentes morfotipos representam uma única espécie. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: avaliar os efeitos de duas diferentes intensidades luminosas (30 e 90 μmol.m-2.s-1) e temperaturas (21 e 31°C) no crescimento e na morfologia de tricomas de uma linhagem reta (ITEP28) e outra espiralada (ITEP31) e, testar a hipótese de que ambos os morfotipos respondam negativamente à intensidade luminosa e temperatura altas. As linhagens reta e espiralada apresentaram pequenas diferenças na morfometria celular nas diferentes condições testadas. Além disso, a linhagem espiralada apresentou alterações na morfologia do tricoma, mostrando uma plasticidade fenotípica maior em relação à linhagem reta. Ambas as linhagens se adaptaram às condições testadas, embora a linhagem reta tenha apresentado velocidades máximas (V(x)= 3,21; 3,63; 3,89) de crescimento maiores que a linhagem espiralada (V(x)= 0,97; 1,07; 1,61; 1,80). Na condição de 90 μmol.m-2.s-1 e 21°C, a linhagem reta não atingiu a fase exponencial do crescimento, enquanto a linhagem espiralada demorou para atingir a velocidade máxima de crescimento, e este foi interrompido antes. Nas condições de temperatura baixa (21°C) não houve produção de acinetos. Além disso, esta condição de temperatura baixa aliada a intensidade luminosa alta (90 μmol.m-2.s-1) prejudicou o crescimento de ambas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a potentially toxic bloom former species in eutrophic aquatic systems, including water supply reservoirs where it can bring risks to human health. This species shows straight, sigmoid and coiled trichome morphology and the reasons to this variation aren't clarified yet. Comparative studies of genetic sequences have been indicated that morphology isn't related with the Cylindrospermopsis genus phylogeny, thus the different morphotypes represents a single species. The aims of this study were: to evaluate the effects of two different light intensities (30 and 90 μmol.m-2.s-1) and temperatures (21 and 31°C) on growth and morphology of straight (ITEP28) and coiled (ITEP31) morphotypes and, to test the hypothesis that both morphotypes respond negatively to the high light intensity and temperature. The straight and coiled morphotypes showed a little difference in the cell width and length measurements in the tested conditions. Moreover, the coiled trichome exhibited morphological changes that indicated greater phenotipical plasticity than the straight one. Both strains were adapted to the tested conditions, although the straight one showed higher growth velocity (V(x)= 3,21; 3,63; 3,89) than the coiled one (V(x)= 0,97; 1,07; 1,61; 1,80). In the condition of 90 μmol.m-2.s-1 and 21°C, the coiled morphotype delays to reach the maximum growth velocity, thus the growth was interrupted before that. In the conditions of low temperature (21°C) there is no akinetes production. Furthermore, this condition of low temperature associated with high light intensity (90 μmol.m-2.s-1) harmed the growth of both morphotypes. Therefore, the results found opposed to the considered hypothesis that both morphotypes are susceptible to the high light intensity and temperature in culture controlled conditions, since both morphotypes reached the highest growth velocity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

<p>Na uzorku od 485 dece uzrasta od 5 do 7 godina, podeljenih u dve grupe &ndash; eksperimentalnu (259 - 53,4%) i kontrolnu (226 &ndash; 46,6%) sprovedena su morfolo&scaron;ka merenja, te motorička i intelektualna testiranja. Eksperimentalnu grupu sačinjavali su polaznici Sportske &scaron;kolice &bdquo;Luka&rdquo; iz Novog Sada, dok su deca iz Pred&scaron;kolske ustanove &bdquo;Radosno detinjstvo&rdquo;, organizacione jedinice vrtić &bdquo;Petar Pan&rdquo; činila kontrolnu grupu. Prosečni uzrast eksperimentalne grupe na dan inicijalnih merenja, odnosno testiranja iznosio je 5,4&plusmn;0,8 decimalnih godina, dok je prosečan uzrast kontrolne grupe bio 5,6&plusmn;0,6 decimalnih godina.<br />Cilj rada bio je da se ustanove i analiziraju efekti longitudinalne primene različitih modela vežbanja kineziolo&scaron;kih aktivnosti na podizanju nivoa razvoja i pobolj&scaron;anje kognitivnog, posebno intelektualnog, kao i motoričkog i morfolo&scaron;kog razvoja pred&scaron;kolske dece. Stoga je na eksperimentalnoj grupi primenjen kineziolo&scaron;ki program u trajanju od devet meseci, a sve u svrhu pobolj&scaron;anja navedenih karakteristika i sposobnosti. Program je sproveden u &scaron;kolskoj 2013/14. godini, ali i nastavljen na deci koja su i dalje pohađala sportsku &scaron;kolicu i tokom naredne 2014/15. &scaron;kolske godine. Detaljna koncepcija programa data je u samom radu.<br />Baterija za ispitivanje i praćenje promena prouzrokovanih eksperimentalnim tretmanom sastojala se od osam antropometrijskih mera, osam motoričkih testova i dva testa za procenu inteligencije, s tim &scaron;to drugi primenjeni test za procenu inteligencije predstavlja ustvari bateriju testova koja je imala za cilj da proceni vi&scaron;e segmenata intelektualnih sposobnosti i to: planiranje, simultanu pažnju i sukcesiju.<br />Temeljem dobijenih rezultata sprovedene empirijsko-istraživačke studije, dobijene su i detaljno obrazložene sve pojave koje su ishod programiranog i pod stručnim nadzorom sprovedenog eksperimentalnog kineziolo&scaron;kog tretmana. U svetlu toga, moguće je bilo zaključiti da je do&scaron;lo do pobolj&scaron;anja nekih morfolo&scaron;kih karakteristika, te pojedinih motoričkih i intelektualnih sposobnosti dece iz eksperimentalne grupe u odnosu na kontrolnu. Do izvesnih promena do&scaron;lo je i u kvalitativnom, a ne samo kvantitativnom smislu, a predložen je i model varijabli koji bi verovatno u budućnosti mogao ukazati na jo&scaron; bolje rezultate.<br />Osim toga, buduća istraživanja u smislu pouzdanijih rezultata trebala bi biti sprovođena uz primenu preciznijih mernih instrumenata, koji bi, pretpostavlja se, dali za generalizaciju rezultata adekvatnije informacije.</p> / <p>Based on the sample of 485 children of 5 to 7 years of age, divided into two groups &ndash; experimental (259 &ndash; 53.4%) and control group (226 &ndash; 46.6%), morphological measurements, motoric and intellectual testing were done. The experimental group was consisted of the pupils of the Sport School &ldquo;Luka&rdquo; from Novi Sad, while the control group was consisted of the children from the Preschool institution &ldquo;Radosno detinjstvo&rdquo;, and the organisational unit of the nursery &ldquo;Peter Pan&rdquo;. The average age of the experimental group on the day of initial measuring, or testing, was 5.4&plusmn;0.8 decimal years, while the average age of the control group was 5.6&plusmn;0.6 decimal years.<br />The purpose of this paper was to define and analyse the effects of longitudinal application of various models of exercises of kinesiology activity on raising the level of development and improvement of cognitive, in particular of intellectual and motoric and morphological development of preschool children. Therefore, a kinesiology programme was applied to the experimental group for the period of nine months, all in order to improve the stated characteristics and abilities. The programme was implemented in the school year 2013/2014, but it was continued for the children who still attended the sport school in the next school year 2014/2015. The detailed idea of the programme is provided in the paper.<br />Battery for testing and monitoring the changes caused by experimental treatment was consisted of eight anthropometric measurements, eight motoric tests and two tests for intelligence assessment, while the second applied test for assessment of intelligence is actually the battery of tests which aim was to assess several segments of intellectual abilities, including the following: planning, simultaneous attention and succession.<br />Based on the obtained results of the conducted empirical research study, all changes which are the outcome of the programmed and conducted experimental kinesiology treatment under expert surveillance, have been explained in details. In that respect, it is possible to conclude that certain morphological characteristics have improved, and that certain motoric and intellectual abilities of children from the experimental group have also improved in comparison with the control group. Certain changes occurred also in the qualitative, not only in the quantitative aspect, and a model of variables was also proposed, which is likely to indicate even better results in the future.<br />In addition to that, the future research, when it comes to more reliable results, should be conducted with the application of measuring instruments, which would, as assumed, provide more adequate information for the generalization of results.</p>