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Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS in the DEPARTMENT OF AFRICAN LANGUAGES at the UNIVERSITY OF ZULULAND, 2000. / Topics falling under evaluative morphology have been wrongly placed in most grammar books dealing with African languages. cf. Doke (1956), Ziervogel and Mabuza (1996) and Nyembezi (1965) have placed diminutives , augmentatives and reduplication of nominal stems under derivative forms of the nouns. They also place the evaluative verbal extensions under verbal derivatives. This situation has led to inadequate and misleading treatment of . such topics. Most scholars have treated these topics in passing. Less attention has been paid to this aspect of Zulu grammar. This study endeavours to highlight important aspects of evaluative morphology. We want to ascertain whether or not the branch of morphology known as evaluative morphology is worth pursuing in Zulu. We shall therefore develop a theoretical basis for Zulu evaluative morphology. This study will attempt to deal with some important aspects of evaluative morphology. These aspects are :evaluative affixes used with nominals, evaluative affixes used with personal names and evaluative affixes used with the verb. Non-evaluative affixes will be excluded from this study.

This thesis deals with archiving morphological data utilizing a three dimensional coordinate system. Morphological reference points are archived via rectangular position coordinates, rectangular position vectors, and spherical position vectors. The concepts of translation trajectories, translation vectors, and relative position vectors are developed. Analysis of three dimensional coordinate data utilizing translation trajectories and translation vectors is described. In order to test the methodology developed, the method is applied to an analysis of harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena L., skull morphology. (Key words: morphology, ontogenetic trajectories, allometry, position coordinates, position vectors, translation trajectories, translation vectors, relative position vectors, and harbor porpoise).

The above-ground part of a plant has an important contribution to plant development and yield production. Physiological activities of a plant canopy highly correlate to morphology of plant vegetation. Obviously, leaf area index is a good indicator for leaf area, but does not provide any information about the spatial architecture of plant canopy. With the development of fractal theory, a quantitative toot is now available for the investigation of complex objects and shapes such as plant structure. Vegetation structure of corn ( Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] plants might be affected by the plant population density (low, normal, high) of each crop and corn-soybean intercropping. Skeletonized leaf-off images provided acceptable information to estimate the fractal dimension of the soybean plant 2-dimensionally, using the box-counting method. Fractal dimension varied among soybean treatments, with rankings: low > normal > intercrop > high, in the overall mean and normal ≈ intercrop ≈ low > high, in the slope of time plots. An adjustment of field corn plants to treatments, by changing the orientation of the plane of developed leaves with respect to the row, was observed. Thus, the fractal dimension of corn plant skeletal images from each of two sides, side I (parallel to row) and side 2 (perpendicular to row), was analyzed. On the basis of overall means of fractal dimension, treatments were ranked as: high > normal ≈ intercrop ≈ low for side 1 and intercrop > low ≈ normal > high for side 2. In both cases of soybean and corn plants, leaf area index, plant height and number of leaves (only in case of soybean plant) increased over the experiment for all the treatments, indicating a positive correlation with fractal dimension. In contrast, light penetration decreased during crop development, indicating a negative correlation with fractal dimension. Furthermore, a modified version of the Beer-Lambert equation, in which fractal dimension mu

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2005. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.

x, 36 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / Natural biological variation exists at different geographic scales. We compared phenotype distribution across latitude, region and habitat type in threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) to determine local adaptation. To quantify variation in photoperiodic response, the day length cue was used to time sexual maturation and morphological characters across these various scales. Using lab-reared lines, we developed an index of sexual maturation and experimentally determined critical photoperiod for Alaskan and Oregon populations. Results showed that photoperiodic response existed in Alaskan but not Oregon populations. We also collected morphological data and made comparisons between wild Alaskan and Oregon populations and found similarities within habitat type across latitude but differences across region and habitat type. These data support the hypothesis that local adaptation results in variation across geography and habitat and, in stickleback, parallel evolution of morphological phenotypes within similar but geographically distant habitats. / Committee in Charge: William E. Bradshaw, Chair; William A. Cresko; Christina M. Holzapfel

M.Sc. (Botany) / The genus Phomopsis is an important fungal genus due to its widespread pathogenicity on a wide variety of hosts and its complex anamorphic morphology. Three species of the genus Phomopsis viz. Phomopsis citri, Phomopsis leptostromiformis and Phomopsis zeicola, were studied in artificial culture and on host plants in vitro. The culture of Phomopsis citri failed to form conidiomata in culture and this species was studied intensively. As the species in this genus are difficult to distinguish and identify, the species named above were compared in an attempt to define taxonomically usable distinguishing characters. The morphology and ontogeny of the colonies, conidiomata and conidia, the karyology of these species, pathogenicity to cultivars of Lupinus spp. and Zea mays, were studied and the pectic enzymes were analyzed. Optical-, scanning electron- and transmission electron microscopic techniques were used in addition to the enzyme analysis. The conidiomata were typically stromatic and often irregularly multiloculate and could arise from more than one type of primordium. The most common primordia were ringshaped structures but hyphal aggregations were also found. Conidiogenesis was phialidic and the a-conidia of both species examined were shown to be uninucleate. The {3-conidia of Phomopsis leptrostromiformis were similarly uninucleate but failed to germinate. Their function is thus still unknown. Phomopsis zeicola failed to form {3-conidia. Transmission electron microscopy showed differences in conidial morphology between these species which, together with pectic enzyme analysis, could be good characters to separate species in this genus. The implications of heterokaryosis are discussed in assessing the potential value of these parameters and further investigations will have to be done.

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