Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Canterbury, 2006. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 220-238). Also available via the World Wide Web.

nÃo hà / A mortalidade neonatal sofre influÃncia de uma complexa relaÃÃo de fatores socioeconÃmicos, assistenciais e biolÃgicos. Nas duas Ãltimas dÃcadas a mortalidade nos perÃodos peri e neonatal nÃo sofreu declÃnio significativo, devido à permanÃncia dos elevados nÃveis de mortalidade por fatores ligados à gestaÃÃo e ao parto. Atualmente, a mortalidade neonatal representa 60% a 70% da mortalidade infantil em todas as regiÃes brasileiras. Estudos desenhados para investigar os fatores determinantes da mortalidade neonatal tÃm sido amplamente desenvolvidos no Brasil, no entanto, estudos do tipo caso controle utilizando dados primÃrios nÃo foram desenvolvidos na cidade de Fortaleza-Ce nos Ãltimos anos. O estudo objetivou determinar os fatores associados aos Ãbitos neonatais em Fortaleza-Ce no ano de 2009. ConstituÃram os objetivos especÃficos dessa casuÃstica: descrever as caracterÃsticas socioeconÃmicas e demogrÃficas das mÃes e dos recÃm-nascidos para os casos (Ãbitos neonatais) e os controles (recÃm-nascidos sobreviventes), identificar as caracterÃsticas relacionadas à assistÃncia prÃ-natal, parto e ao recÃm-nascido dos Ãbitos neonatais e dos recÃm-nascidos sobreviventes e determinar os fatores preditores da mortalidade neonatal utilizando modelagem hierarquizada. Quanto aos aspectos metodolÃgicos, tratou-se de um estudo do tipo caso-controle, com 132 casos de Ãbitos neonatais e 264 controles obtidos entre os sobreviventes ao perÃodo neonatal. Para os casos foram consideradas as crianÃas nascidas vivas e que morreram antes de completar 28 dias de vida e como controles as que permaneceram vivas neste perÃodo, nascidas em Fortaleza-Ce e filhos de mÃes residentes no municÃpio. As informaÃÃes foram obtidas atravÃs de entrevistas domiciliares por meio de questionÃrio estruturado. As variÃveis foram agrupadas em quatro blocos hierÃrquicos de acordo com modelo conceitual: bloco1-caracterÃsticas socioeconÃmicas e demogrÃficas; bloco2-caracterÃsticas maternas, histÃria reprodutiva, morbidade materna, comportamento materno, apoio social e exposiÃÃo à violÃncia; bloco 3-caracterÃsticas da assistÃncia no prÃ-natal e parto; bloco 4-sexo e condiÃÃes de saÃde do recÃm-nascido. O modelo de anÃlise de regressÃo logÃstica hierarquizada identificou como fatores associados ao Ãbito neonatal: bloco 1- raÃa materna com efeito protetor para raÃa parda e negra (OR: 0,23; IC 95% 0,09-0,56); bloco 3- tempo gasto entre o deslocamento de casa ao hospital igual ou superior a 30 minutos (OR: 3,12; IC 95% 1,34-7,25), tempo inferior à 1 hora ou superior ou igual a 10 horas entre a internaÃÃo e o parto (OR: 2,43; IC 95% 1,24-4,76) e prÃ-natal inadequado (OR: 2,03; IC 95% 1,03-3,99); bloco 4- baixo peso ao nascer (OR:14,75; IC 95% 5,26-41,35), prematuridade (OR: 3,41; IC 95% 1,29-8,98 ) e sexo masculino (OR: 2,09; IC 95% 1,09-4,03). Essa casuÃstica revelou aspectos na determinaÃÃo das mortes neonatais relacionados à qualidade da assistÃncia prÃ-natal oferecida Ãs gestantes, à oferta dos leitos hospitalares, indicando a peregrinaÃÃo das gestantes em busca de maternidades, bem como aspectos relacionados à assistÃncia direta ao trabalho de parto, traduzido pelo determinante tempo superior a 10 horas decorrido entre a internaÃÃo da gestante e o parto. / Neonatal mortality is influenced by a complex interplay of socioeconomic, biological and social assistance. In the last two decades the mortality in the perinatal and neonatal periods not suffered significant declines, due to persistent high levels of mortality factors related to pregnancy and childbirth. Currently, neonatal mortality accounts for 60% to 70% of infant mortality in all regions of Brazil. Studies designed to investigate the determinants of neonatal mortality have been widely developed in Brazil, however, case-control studies using primary data have not been developed in the city of Fortaleza-Ce in recent years. The study aimed to determine factors associated with neonatal deaths in Fortaleza in 2009. Were the specific objectives of this series to describe the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of mothers and newborns in cases (neonatal deaths) and controls (newborn survivors), to identify the features related to prenatal care, childbirth and newborn and neonatal deaths of infants surviving and determine predictors of neonatal mortality using hierarchical modeling. Methodological terms, this was a study of case-control, with 132 cases of neonatal deaths and 264 controls obtained among survivals of the neonatal period. For cases were considered children born alive and died before 28 days of life and how those controls remained alive during this period, born in Fortaleza-Ce and children of mothers living in the city. The information was obtained through home interviews using a structured questionnaire. Variables were grouped into four groups according to hierarchical conceptual model: Block 1-socioeconomic and demographic characteristics; bloco2-maternal characteristics, reproductive history, maternal morbidity, maternal behavior, social support and exposure to violence; 3-block handling characteristics of the pre prenatal and childbirth; block 4-sex and health of the newborn. The model of hierarchical logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with neonatal death: Block 1 - maternal race with a protective effect against brown and black race (OR: 0.23, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.56), block 3 - between the time spent commuting from home to hospital less than 30 minutes (OR: 3.12, 95% CI 1.34 to 7.25), less than 1 hour or greater than or equal to 10 hours between admission and delivery (OR: 2.43, 95% CI 1.24 to 4.76) and inadequate prenatal care (OR: 2.03, 95% CI 1.03 to 3.99) Block 4 - low weight birth (OR: 14.75, 95% CI 5.26 to 41.35), prematurity (OR: 3.41, 95% CI 1.29 to 8.98) and male (OR: 2.09, CI 95% 1.09 to 4.03). This series has revealed aspects of the determination of neonatal deaths related to the quality of prenatal care offered to pregnant women, supply of hospital beds, indicating the pilgrimage of pregnant women seeking maternity, as well as aspects related to direct assistance to labor, translated determining the time over 10 hours elapsed between admission and delivery in pregnant women.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2016-11-07T11:59:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Semyramis Lira Dantas.pdf: 5533957 bytes, checksum: b10a44ee1f1cc4ffcb0d5764fb3595c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-07T12:00:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Semyramis Lira Dantas.pdf: 5533957 bytes, checksum: b10a44ee1f1cc4ffcb0d5764fb3595c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-14 / Introduction: Surveillance of death is Ministry of Health's strategy to improve the quality and reliability of the Mortality Information System and the regional diagnosis of the health situation. Its achievement enhances the identification of risk factors and situations associated with perinatal mortality, and helps direct investment in public policies that culminate with the reduction of this undesirable outcome. It should be the responsibility of federal entities and professionals of Surveillance and Health Care. The component fetal mortality, even though prevalent, is still invisible to managers, health professionals and researchers. The components of perinatal mortality share the same circumstances because the studies are limited to neonatal or perinatal period. Objective: To compare the behavior of the characteristics of perinatal mortality in their subgroups: early fetal and neonatal mothers residing in the city of Campina Grande/PB in the years 2013 and 2014. Methodology: Cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study, which uses chips death investigation: outpatient, home and hospital. The independent variables were taken from data from death investigation files in four non-hierarchical groups: socioeconomic and demographic data, medical history, current pregnancy and related to newborn alive/stillbirth. The dependent variable is: perinatal death (stillbirth and early neonatal death). The independent variables were: color, mother's age, education, race, paid work, mate, passive smoking, smoking, alcohol, drugs, VDRL, urinary tract infection, hypertension, diabetes, previous abortion, previous stillbirth, stunted pathologies, first prenatal consultation, number of queries, type of pregnancy, type of prenatal office accreditation, newborn weight, sex, type of delivery, fetus malformations. The variables of the groups were submitted to the description of absolute and relative frequencies and bivariate analysis by calculating the prevalence ratio (RP), and that showed statistically significant (p . 0.15) were for multiple Poisson regression. the adjusted RP were calculated and considered statistically significant (p . 0.05). Results: 248 perinatal deaths were analyzed. In the multiple model were significant: maternal education "8 to 11 years of study" with RP 1.19 (95% CI 1.0-1.4) and p = 0.04; the "high-risk prenatal" with RP 1.14 (95% CI 1.03-1.27) and p = 0.01; the "Caesarean section" with RP 0.82 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.91) and p <0.01; the "weight" less than 1000 grams with RP 0.81 (0.69 to 0.95); p <0.01; and "defects" to RP 0.75 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.88) and p <0.01. Conclusion: There are differences to be explored by other studies, between stillbirth and early neonatal. This study showed that prenatal "high risk", the range of 8 to 11 years of study were more likely to evolve to fetal death. While fetus malformations, caesarean section and weighing less than 1000 grams need quality neonatal care, as they are more susceptible to early neonatal death. It is of great value to use health surveillance instruments to qualify the diagnosis of perinatal mortality, and point out ways to reduce fetal mortality. / Introducao: A vigilancia do obito e a estrategia do Ministerio da Saude para melhorar a qualidade e confiabilidade do Sistema de Informacao sobre Mortalidade e o diagnostico regional da situacao de saude. Sua realizacao potencializa a identificacao de fatores de riscos e situacoes associados a mortalidade perinatal e ajuda a direcionar investimento nas politicas publicas que culminem com a reducao desse desfecho indesejavel. Ela deve ser de responsabilidade dos entes federados e dos profissionais da Vigilancia e da Assistencia a Saude. O componente fetal dessa mortalidade, embora predominante, ainda e invisivel aos olhos dos gestores, profissionais de saude e pesquisadores. Acredita-se que os componentes da mortalidade perinatal partilham das mesmas circunstancias, pois os estudos estao limitados ao componente neonatal ou ao periodo perinatal. Objetivo: Comparar o comportamento das caracteristicas da mortalidade perinatal nos seus subgrupos fetal e neonatal precoce de maes residentes do municipio de Campina Grande-PB, nos anos de 2013 e 2014. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, descritivo e analitico, o qual utiliza as fichas de investigacao de obito: ambulatorial, domiciliar e hospitalar. As variaveis independentes foram retiradas de dados das fichas de investigacao de obito em quatro grupos nao hierarquicos: dados socioeconomicos e demograficos, historia pregressa, gestacao atual e referente a recem-nascido vivo/natimorto. A variavel dependente e obito perinatal (obito fetal e o obito neonatal precoce). As variaveis independentes utilizadas foram: cor, idade da mae, escolaridade da mae, raca, trabalho remunerado, companheiro, fumante passivo, tabagismo, alcool, drogas, VDRL, infeccao do trato urinario, hipertensao, diabetes, aborto anterior, natimorto anterior, patologias pregressas, primeira consulta de pre-natal, numero de consultas, tipo de gestacao, tipo de credenciamento do consultorio pre-natal, peso do recem-nascido, tipo de parto, sexo e malformacoes fetais. As variaveis dos grupos foram submetidas a descricao de frequencias absolutas e relativas e a analise bivariada, calculando a razao de prevalencia (RP). As que exibiram significancia estatistica (p . 0,15) foram para o modelo multiplo de regressao de Poisson. Foram calculadas as RP ajustadas e consideradas significantes estatisticamente (p . 0,05). Resultados: Foram analisados 248 obitos perinatal. No modelo multiplo foram significativos: escolaridade materna de \8 a 11 anos de estudo., com RP 1,19 (IC 95% 1,0-1,4) e p=0,04; o \pre-natal de alto risco., com RP 1,14 (IC 95% 1,03-1,27) e p=0,01; o \parto cesareo., com RP 0,82 (IC 95% 0,74-0,91) e p <0,01; o \peso. menor que 1000 gramas, com RR 0,81 (0,69-0,95) e p< 0,01; e \malformacoes. com RP 0,75 (IC 95% 0,64-0,88) e p< 0,01. Conclusao: Ha diferencas a serem exploradas por outros estudos entre o obito fetal e neonatal precoce. O presente estudo demonstrou que, no pre-natal de \alto risco., a faixa de 8 a 11 anos de estudo tinha mais chances de evoluir para o obito fetal; enquanto as malformacoes fetais, o parto cesareo e o peso menor que 1000 gramas precisam de assistencia neonatal de qualidade, pois sao mais susceptiveis ao obito neonatal precoce. E de grande valia utilizar os instrumentos da vigilancia em saude para qualificar o diagnostico da mortalidade perinatal e apontar caminhos que reduzam a mortalidade fetal.

<p>Uvod: Infekcija krvi izazvana multirezistentnim bakterijama roda Acinetobacter (MDRA) je praćena značajnim letalitetom i visokim tro&scaron;kovima bolničkog lečenja. Ciljevi istraživanja: Ustanoviti uče&scaron;će izolata Acinetobacter spp. u strukturi pozitivnih hemokultura i kretanje procenta rezistencije na antibiotike u zdravstvenim ustanovama sekundarnog i tercijarnog nivoa na teritoriji AP Vojvodine u periodu 2013-2015. godina; Utvrditi kod kojih pacijenata se najče&scaron;će javljaju infekcije krvi izazvane MDRA; Utvrditi faktore rizika za nastanak bolničke infekcije (BI) krvi izazvane MDRA i uticaj BI krvi izazvane ovim uzročnicima na dužinu trajanja hospitalizacije i na ishod lečenja pacijenata hospitalizovanih u zdravstvenim ustanovama sekundarnog i tercijarnog nivoa u AP Vojvodini. Materijal i metode: Podaci iz protokola mikrobiolo&scaron;ke laboratorije Centra za mikrobiologiju Instituta za javno zdravlje Vojvodine su kori&scaron;teni za retrospektivnu analizu učestalosti izolata Acinetobacter spp. u strukturi hemokultura i za praćenje kretanja procenta rezistentnih izolata Acinetobacter spp. na posmatrane vrste antibiotika u zdravstvenim ustanovama sekundarnog i tercijarnog nivoa u AP Vojvodini u periodu od 01.01.2013. do 31.12.2015. godine. Utvrđivanje faktora rizika za nastanak infekcije krvi izazvane MDRA je sprovedeno kao prospektivna kohortna studija u jedinicama intenzivnih nega (JIN) u zdravstvenim ustanovama u AP Vojvodini u periodu od 01.01.2013. do 31.03.2016. godine. Grupu 1 (n=164), studijsku grupu kohortne studije su činili ispitanici sa BI krvi izazvanom MDRA. Grupu 2 (n=328), kontrolnu grupu kohortne studije, sačinjavali su pacijenti JIN bez izolata Acinetobacter spp. u hemokulturi. Kontrole su bile uključene u istraživanje samo ako je dužina njihovog boravka u JIN (dužina trajanja hospitalizacije do otpusta) bila ista ili duža od dužine boravka para iz studijske grupe do izolacije MDRA iz hemokulture. Kontrole su bile uparene sa slučajem iz studijske grupe u odnosu (1:2) prema: uzrastu (+/-5 godine), vrsti JIN i vremenu (isti kalendarski mesec u kojem je kod para iz studijske grupe izolovana pozitivna hemokultura). U cilju utvrđivanja predisponirajućih faktora za letalni ishod (14-dnevni letalitet) pacijenata u JIN sa infekcijom krvi izazvanom MDRA sprovedena je anamnestička studija. Rezultati: Uče&scaron;će izolata Acinetobacter spp. u strukturi hemokultura pacijenata uzrasta 18 i vi&scaron;e godina hospitalizovanih u zdravstvenim ustanovama u AP Vojvodini u periodu 2013-2015. godina iznosilo je 13,9%. Primoizolati Acinetobacter spp. iz uzoraka hemokultura pacijenata su u 96,1% (198/204) bili multirezistentni. Analizom kretanja rezistencije izolata Acinetobacter spp. na ispitivane antibiotike jedino je na cefepim ustanovljeno statistički značajno smanjenje uče&scaron;ća rezistentnih izolata (od 98,5% u 2014. godini do 83,3% u 2015. godini), (p=0,025). Izolati Acinetobacter spp. su najče&scaron;će registrovani kod pacijenata hospitalizovanih u JIN (71,1% (145/204)). Multivarijantnom analizom izdvojili su se nezavisni prediktori za nastanak infekcije krvi izazvane MDRA: prijem iz drugog odeljenja/bolnice, prijemne dijagnoze politrauma i opekotina, prethodna kolonizacija gornjeg respiratornog trakta MDRA, prisustvo dva i vi&scaron;e komorbiditeta, prethodna primena mehaničke ventilacije, vi&scaron;i indeks invazivnih procedura, prethodna primena derivata imidazola i prethodna primena četiri i vi&scaron;e klasa antibiotika. Pacijenti sa infekcijom krvi izazvanom MDRA su statistički značajno duže boravili u JIN (24.5&plusmn;17,5) u odnosu na neinficirane kontrole (19,7&plusmn;12,6), (p=0,001) i statistički značajno če&scaron;će su imali letalan ishod (51,2% (84/164) u odnosu na pacijente bez infekcije krvi izazvane ovim mikroorganizmom (25,0% (82/328), (p&lt;0,0001). Multivarijantnom analizom, kao nezavisni prediktori letalnog ishoda pacijenata, izdvojili su se: starija životna dob, prijemnom dijagnoza akutne respiratorne insuficijencije i primena neadekvatne antimikrobne terapije nakon izolacije uzročnika iz hemokulture. Zaključak: Učestalost i struktura faktora rizika je ukazala da je snižavanje prevalencije i snižavanje letaliteta moguće ostvariti kombinovanom primenom mera koje obuhvataju racionalnu upotrebu antibiotika &scaron;irokog spektra u empirijskoj antimikrobnoj terapiji i striktno po&scaron;tovanje procedura vezanih za primenu invazivnih nastavaka.</p> / <p>Aim: Establish the participation of Acinetobacter spp. isolates in the structure of positive hemocultures and the percentage range of resistance to antibiotics in the health institutions of secondary and tertiary level on the territory of AP of Vojvodina in the period from 2013 to 2015; determine which patients most commonly get BSI caused by MDRA; determine risk factors for the occurrence of healthcare-associated infection (HAI) of blood caused by MDRA and the impact of HAI of blood caused by these pathogens to the duration of hospitalization, and the treatment outcome of patients admitted to the health care institutions of secondary and tertiary levels in the AP of Vojvodina. Material and Methods: Data from the protocol of the microbiological laboratory of the Center for Microbiology, Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina were used for retrospective analysis of the frequency of isolates of Acinetobacter spp. in the structure of positive hemocultures and for monitoring the percentage isolates of Acinetobacter spp. resistant to the observed type of antibiotics in health institutions of secondary and tertiary levels in AP of Vojvodina in the period from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015. Determining the risk factor for the occurrence of BSI induced by MDRA was conducted as a prospective cohort study in intensive care units (ICU) in the health institutions in AP of Vojvodina in the period from January 1, 2013 to March 31, 2016. Group 1 (n=164), study group of the cohort study included the patients with HAI of blood induced by MDRA. Group 2 (n=328), control group of the cohort study consisted of ICU patients without isolates of Acinetobacter spp. in the hemoculture. Controls were included in the study only if the length of their stay in the ICU (duration of hospitalization until discharge) was the same or longer than the length of the stay of their study group counterparts until the isolation of MDRA from blood culture. Controls were matched with the cases of the study group in the ratio (1: 2) according to: age (+/- 5 years), type of ICU and time (the same calendar month in which positive hemoculture was isolated in the the study group pair). In order to determine the predisposing factors of lethal outcome (14-day lethality) of patients in the ICU with the BSI caused by MDRA, anamnestic study was conducted. Results: Participation of Acinetobacter spp. isolates in the structure of hemocultures of patients, aged 18 and older, hospitalized in medical institutions in AP of Vojvodina in the period from 2013 to 2015 amounted to 13.9%. Acinetobacter spp. primoisolates from the patients&#39; hemoculture samples were in 96.1% (198/204) multi-drug resistant. Analysing the Acinetobacter spp. isolates resistance to the tested antibiotics, Cefepime was the only to prove to cause statistically significant decrease in the share of resistant isolates (from 98.5% in the year 2014 to 83.3% in 2015), (p=0.025). Isolates of Acinetobacter spp. are most frequently registered in patients hospitalized in ICU (71.1% (145/204)). Multivariate analyses separated independent predictors for the occurrence of blood infection caused by the MDRA: patient transfers from another ward/hospital, admission diagnoses of polytrauma and burns, previous colonization of the upper respiratory tract MDRA, the presence of two or more co-morbidity, previous use of mechanical ventilation, higher index of invasive procedures, previous use of Imidazole derivates and the previous use of four or more classes of antibiotics. Patients with BSI caused by MDRA stayed statistically much longer in the ICU (24.5&plusmn;17.5) as compared to uninfected controls (19.7&plusmn;12.6), (p=0.001) and significantly more likely to have the lethal outcome (51.2% (84/164)) compared to patients without bloodsteram infections caused by this micro-organism (25.0% (82/328) (p&lt;0.0001). Using multivariate analysis, independent predictors of death of patients, were found to be: advanced age, admission diagnosis of acute respiratory insufficiency and the application of inadequate antibiotic therapy after the isolation of pathogens from the hemoculture. Conclusion: The frequency and the structure of the risk factors suggested that the reduction of the prevalence and lowering of lethality can be achieved by combined administration of measures that include the rational use of broad spectrum antibiotics in the empirical antimicrobial treatment and strict compliance with the procedures related to the use of invasive follow-ups.</p>