Thesis (Ph. D.) -- Lincoln University, 2009. / Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, December 2006. / Includes bibliographical references.

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Biodiversity patterns of butterflies and moths are investigated on the southwestern slope of Mount Cameroon, the only continuous elevational gradient of near-pristine forests in the Afrotropics. Three distinct seasons between 2014 and 2017 are sampled by two standardised methodologies (i.e., bait-trapping and manual catching of selected groups of moths at light). First, the effects of seasonality and forest habitat associations on butterflies and moths are investigated in the lowland rainforest. Then, the impacts of elephant-made natural disturbances on tree, butterfly, and moth diversities at mid-elevations is evaluated. The thesis also includes faunistic records of species never reported from the area, combining them with life history notes on selected taxa and species description of nine new species of Alucita. Finally, the last chapter focuses on the biodiversity of birds, trees, and butterflies in the last large patch of coastal forest of the studied area, and discusses its current conservation status.

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Ecology and Biodiversity / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

The Malaysian state of Sabah, in northern Borneo, started massive monoculture forest plantations of fast-growing introduced tree species in the mid-1970's to replace part of the harvested tropical rain forest. Many people, particularly conservationists in the West, are very much against this sort of reforestation as they fear it would spell a permanent loss to the Bornean rain forest biodiversity. This project was carried out at the more established forest plantations of Sabah Softwoods Sdn. Bhd. in Brumas from 1991 to 1993, where fast-growing exotics namely Acacia mangium, Eucalyptus deglupta, Gmelina arborea, Paraserianthes (=Albizia) falcataria, Pinus caribaea, were studied to assess their biodiversity and these plantations were compared with the natural regenerating logged-over secondary forest in Brumas, as well as the primary forest in Danum Valley, by using light-trapped macromoths as indicators. The method of light-trapping as a reliable means of capturing moths was supported by canopy knockdown in the form of mist-blowing. Results obtained showed that for the year-long (January-December 1991) light-trap samples, the biodiversity values, as represented by Williams alpha (higher the value, higher the diversity), were unexpectedly high in the various plantation forests. Their alpha values ranged from the lowest in Acacia mangium with 208.14+-9.22, to the highest in Eucalyptus deglupta with 330.85+-16.37 which was even higher than the natural secondary forest with 314.53+-11.99, and certainly not inferior to the published values (300 to 350) from undisturbed Bornean forest of similar altitudes (below 500m). For the shorter month-long subsidiary samples (October/November 1992, January/February 1993), the alpha values of the samples from the lowland primary forest in Danum were not necessarily higher when compared with the similarly sampled disturbed forest habitats in Brumas, but despite its small samples, Danum produced some 33 species of macromoths which were never collected out of the 1680 species obtained from Brumas in the entire project. The main reason behind the surprisingly good diversity measures (as indicated by moths) in these forest plantations was the presence of an understorey of varying diversity under the canopy. It would appear that with the fast-growing introduced trees acting as light-demanding pioneers, many plant species ranging from herbs, shrubs, to saplings of native tree species, managed to germinate and grow more or less efficiently in the understorey. Eucalyptus deglupta had a more diverse understorey both in terms of plant species and architecture, which in turn supported a more diverse moth fauna. These findings are encouraging in terms of biodiversity conservation, as plantation forestry seems to be the only way forward for many developing countries like Malaysia.

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