Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p.75-77). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

This thesis presents a theory of film representation as a process of organizing relations in order to connote the image's status as a type of representation. It is, thus, a study of film form, the form of its representations. Building from such theoretical sources as Merleau- Ponty and Deleuze, I hope here to use a phenomenological base to build a theory of film semiotics that focuses on the immanent field of film representation, which I will postulate as a structuring of the inter-dependent relationship between the content of representation and the signified source of representation. This relationship is infused through a film text according to various modes of differentiation: between the viewer and viewed, speaker and spoken or what, using principles of phenomenology, I call the problem of subject-object relations. In this study I use this framework of subject-object relations in order to re-conceptualize the problem of film representation and to systematize the fundamental debates in film theory. I will argue that even oppositional theories of film representation can be reconciled through their attempt to understand this immanent field as being organized so as to structure a relationship between the representation and an origin of meaning, or subject-function. This relationship is what I call a system of reference. The filmic subject-function is traditionally located within the camera itself or hi the diegetic subjectivity of a character; I will call these two systems of reference, respectively, objective and subjective representation. And, through a reconstruction of Deleuze's Cinéma project, I will argue that the immanent field of film representation is a constant fluctuation between these two poles, a dialogic circulation of interacting agencies and discourses. This thesis illustrates this fluctuation through a comparative analysis of two French filmmakers, Alain Resnais and Jean-Luc Godard. I will argue that, illustrating similar goals as one finds in the works of Merleau-Ponty and Deleuze, these two filmmakers radically deconstruct film codes in order to destroy the conventional division between interior and exterior that is imposed by classical notions of subjectivity.

自1989 年以来，中国独立电影在国家电影体制的管控之下，已经发展二十余年。随着数字摄影、非线性编辑、互联网应用等技术的不断提升，今天的独立电影与以往相比，拍摄成本更低、制作方式更便捷、影像质量更高、传播手段多样化；但其创作力和艺术水准并没有大幅提升，反而呈现停滞，甚至下降趋势。究其原因，当然包括官方压制、国内电影市场冲击、海外影展关注度降低等多方面外界因素的影响，但中国独立电影内部环境和中国独立电影人自身所存在的问题则往往被人们忽略掉了。本研究正是通过对中国独立电影二十余年历史的梳理，力图描述其内部生态环境的变化，提出中国独立电影在原有国家电影体制之外建构了一个新的体制--"亚体制"，并分析"亚体制"对于当前独立电影创作和独立电影评论的影响。 / 国家电影体制对中国独立电影的管控由来已久，尤其表现在对其传播、发行、放映的控制上。在此情况下，"前DV 时代（1989-2000 年）的独立电影人经历了从体制中逃离、与体制合作、回归体制的路线。而同时，一些民间电影放映社团逐渐搭建起了自己的独立电影放映管道，并培养了一批帮助独立作者进行影片推广的"中间人"。在"后DV 时代"（2000 至今），各地放映社团发展壮大，开始举办独立电影节，"中间人"也由此获得了更多的权力和威信，变为具有较强话语权的“关键人。就这样，以民间放映社团为单位，独立电影节为支柱，"关键人"为核心，独立电影基金、学校、资料馆、公司为分支的独立电影"亚体制"框架基本形成。本研究主要通过人物采访、田野考察、影像文本分析等方法，结合布迪厄（Pierre Bourdieu）"场域"的相关理论分析这一"亚体制"的结构关系、经济链条和体制化表象。 / 经过论证，本研究认为在独立电影"亚体制"的场域中，"关键人"通过积累文化资本、经济资本和社会资本的方式来获得权力，并在此基础之上建立其评价体系，形成“非主流"中的主流标准。如果这种状况得不到改善，"阶级"、"霸权"、"垄断"等问题将会愈演愈烈，独立电影界也会重蹈原有体制的覆辙，其内部会逐渐丧失"独立性"，最终导致抑制独立电影多元化发展的结果。 / Since 1989, the independent film in China, under the control of national cinema institution, has already had a history of more than 20-year development. With the continuous improvement of technology in the fields of photography, editing and internet application, today's Chinese independent film has lower producing cost, quicker production methods, higher image quality, and more diversified transmission methods. However, instead of a substantial improvement, the creativity and theartistic criteria of the films tend to stagnate and even have a tendency to decline, for which the main reasons might be government control, the impact of the domestic film market, the reduced attention of abroad film festivals and other external factors, but we cannot ignore the internal problems in the ecosystems of the independent film and the filmmaker themselves. This study, through sorting the over-20-year development history of independent films in China, strives to describe the changes of the internal ecological environment and put forward institutionalization of the independent film outside the national institution. / The national cinema institution has a long-time control over the Chinese independent film, especially over its distribution and exhibition. Under such a circumstance, the independent filmmakers in the "former DV era" (1989-2000) have shifted from the paths of fleeing from the national institution, cooperating and returning. In the meantime, some "film viewing social organizations" (we call them "film clubs") gradually have set up their own exhibition channel of films and have cultivated a group of “intermediator" who could help promote the independent film. In the "later DV era" (2000 up to the present), film clubs in various regions developed and expanded to hold some independent film festivals. Consequently, while gained more power and prestige, the "intermediator" became the "key person" who has a greater discourse power. In this way, with the film club as the unit, independent film festival the pillar, the "key person" the centre, the independent film fund, school, archive and company the branch, the frame of institution was basically formed. This study, mainly through interview, field observation, analysis of image and text and other methods, and by combining with the related "field" theory of Pierre Bourdieu, analyzes the structural relation, economic chain and the representation of institutionalization in the independent film. / Through the demonstration, the study concludes that, in the field of independent film, if the situation ("the key person" gains power through accumulating cultural capital, economical capital and social capital, and on this base establishes a review system to form a mainstream standard among the "non mainstream") cannot be improved, the problems, like "social classes", "hegemony" and "monopoly" will become more and more serious. As a result, the Chinese independent film will follow the same road of national cinema institution, and the films will gradually lose its "independence", which eventually would restrain the diversified development of the film. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 李铁成. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 242-265). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Li Tiecheng. / 摘要 --- p.i / Abstract of thesis entitled: --- p.iii / 致谢 --- p.v / 目录 --- p.vii / 绪论 --- p.1 / 中国独立电影评论回顾 --- p.2 / 体制与独立电影 --- p.16 / 亚体制 --- p.26 / Chapter 第一章 --- “体制"vs.“独立" / 独立剧情片──被迫逃离体制 --- p.32 / 独立纪录片──与体制的合作 --- p.40 / 影视体制市场化 --- p.52 / Chapter 第二章 --- “前DV时代"独立电影的去向 --- p.60 / 香港──最早的“中间人" --- p.61 / 贾樟柯的香港经历 --- p.69 / 民间放映社团学习期（1996-2000） --- p.77 / 本土中间人的身份及成长 --- p.87 / Chapter 第三章 --- 亚体制独立影展的创办 --- p.94 / “后DV时代"初期──爆发后的困惑 --- p.94 / 影展试探期（2000-2002） --- p.101 / 影展创办期（2003-2007） --- p.115 / 云之南人类学影像展 --- p.116 / 中国独立纪录片交流周 --- p.122 / 中国独立影像年度展 --- p.127 / Chapter 第四章 --- 关键人与独立电影的生态链条 --- p.136 / “关键人"和“场域" --- p.137 / “资本生态链条" --- p.143 / “生态链条"的经济命脉 --- p.145 / 放映联盟 --- p.157 / 独立电影学校 --- p.160 / Chapter 第五章 --- “亚体制"vs.“独立" --- p.164 / “独立性"的选择 --- p.165 / 2011年CIFF“萨满·动物宣言" --- p.185 / 话语权不断失衡 --- p.187 / 独立作者受到的影响 --- p.193 / Chapter 第六章 --- 个案分析 --- p.196 / 创作路程原初与现状 --- p.199 / 亚体制的主流美学 --- p.204 / 自媚与猎奇 --- p.214 / 结论 --- p.219 / Chapter 附文一： --- 贾樟柯娄烨王小帅等联名上书电影局（全文） --- p.227 / Chapter 附文二： --- “萨满 动物"（南京宣言） --- p.229 / Chapter 附表一： --- 1990-2011年 柏林电影节展映之中国大陆影片 --- p.232 / Chapter 附图一： --- 中国独立电影生态图 --- p.235 / Chapter 附图二： --- 2010年 国际青年艺术电影高峰论坛 宣传手册封面 --- p.236 / Chapter 附图三： --- 2010年 国际青年艺术电影高峰论坛 第1页 --- p.237 / Chapter 附图四： --- 2010年 国际青年艺术电影高峰论坛 第2页 --- p.238 / 采访记录： --- p.239 / 英文文献： --- p.242 / 中文文献： --- p.246 / 网络文献： --- p.251 / 电影（本文中涉及到的）： --- p.259

Ho Wing Shan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-117). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Two: --- Cross-dressing and Gender/ Sexuality Conscious Hong Kong Cinema --- p.18 / Chapter Three: --- "A Queer Sexualized Subject ´ؤWing in He ´ةs a Woman, She ´ةs a Man and Who ´ةs the Woman, Who´ة s the Man" --- p.45 / Chapter Four: --- A Queer Transsexual Subject~Asia the Invincible in Swordsman 2 --- p.77 / Chapter Five: --- Conclusion --- p.108 / Bibliography --- p.112

Chan, Yu Kwan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [108]-120). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese.

Gao Yang. / Thesis submitted in: June 2005. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-133). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / GENDER AND NATIONALISM IN CHINESE FILMS BETWEEN 1949 AND 1989 --- p.I / 摘要 --- p.III / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.VIII / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Literature Review --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- "Nation, State and Nationalism" --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Gender and Nation in Chinese Cinematic Narration --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2 --- Methodology --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Typology --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Film Analysis as Method --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Case Selection --- p.16 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- SOCIAL BACKGROUND OF CHINA: 1949-1989 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1 --- Background of the First Period:1949-1978 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- "New China, New Women" --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- The Cooperative Movement and the Communization Movement:1952- --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- The Great Leap Forward and the Suppression of Individualism:1958-1960 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- The Magnification of Class Struggle and the Cultural Revolution --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- The Unchanged Philosophy behind the Changing Policies: the Strategic Opening Up of Public Domain for Women --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2 --- Economic and Political Landscape after the Cultural Revolution: 1979-1989 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Economic Reform and the Concomitant Social Problems --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Political Liberalization and the Backlashes --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- "The ""Cultural Fever"" and the ""Fifth Generation"" Filmmakers" --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Collective Frustration: The Social Sentiment after the National Trauma --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.1.1 --- Traumatic Experiences during the Cultural Revolution --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.1.2 --- The Lost Past --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.3.1.3 --- The Meaningless Present --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- The Specter of Westernization --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3.2.1 --- "The ""Anti-Wholesale Westernization"" Campaign" --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3.2.2 --- "New Social Crisis and the Nationalism behind ""Anti- Wholesale Westernization""" --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- The Fifth Generation in the Cultural Fever and the Root-Searching Movement --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Shifts of Women's Issues in the Reform Era --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Women and Labor under the Economic Reform --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Femininity in Flux --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- The Representation of Women --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.4.3.1 --- Women in the Public Space ´ؤ Discourse and Visuality --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.4.3.2 --- Women and the Nation in Representation --- p.47 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- CLASSIC REVOLUTIONARY FILMS --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1 --- "Ghost of the Old Society, Master of the New State, a Case Study of The White- Haired Girl" --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Gender Conflicts in the Form of Class Confrontations --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- The Fading Female Sexuality in the Evolving Adaptations of the Story --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Male Desire and Male Sexuality --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- The Reason behind the Desexualization of both Sexes --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- State Feminism: Where Will Women's Liberation Led to? --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2 --- Gender Dynamics and Socialist Discourse in Xie Jin's The Red Detachment of Women --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- "Sexuality, Body and the Inscription of Class Struggle" --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- The Myth of Class and Class Struggle in the Construction of Nationalism --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Constructing Class and Nation in Collective Memories --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- "The Interpellation of Individuals by “Ideological State Apparatus""" --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3 --- A Comparison between The White-Haired Girl and The Red Detachment of Women --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- The Representation of the Daughterhood --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The Representation of the Wifehood --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- The Representation of the Motherhood --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Understanding the Differences between the Two Films --- p.67 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- THE FIFTH GENERATION'S FILMS --- p.71 / Chapter 4.1 --- Case Study of Yellow Earth --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- "Reading the Reviews, Reading the Film" --- p.72 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- "Class, Gender and Nation in Yellow Earth" --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Class and Gender in the Characterization --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.1 --- The Invisible and the Visible: Departing from the Socialist Rhetoric of Class Struggle --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.1.1 --- No Villain --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.1.2 --- No Hero --- p.77 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.1.3 --- The Party's Folksong-Collection and the Peasants' Taciturnity --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.1.4 --- The Estrangement between the Party and the Peasantry --- p.80 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.2 --- Gender Images in a Gendered Narration --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.2.1 --- The Gender Separation --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.2.2 --- The Impossible Romance --- p.83 / Chapter 4.1.2.1.2.3 --- The Refusal and the Death --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- The Significant Setting in a National Allegory --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.2.2.1 --- The Natural Landscape --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.2.2.2 --- The Rituals --- p.87 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Debates and Awards --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1.3.1 --- Debates --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1.3.2 --- Awards --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2 --- Case Study of Red Sorghum --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- An Egalitarian Myth of National Heroes --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- The Villains --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- The Heroes --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- The Ideology of the Body --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.1.4 --- Carnivals ´ؤ Festive Rituals that Connect the Personal with the National --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Rebuilding Desirable Masculinity through Female Sexuality --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Red Sorghum ´ؤ Searching Root in a National Allegory --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Debates and Awards --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3 --- Comparing Yellow Earth and Red Sorghum --- p.110 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.114 / Chapter 5.1 --- Before the Cultural Revolution --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Cultural Revolution --- p.116 / Chapter 5.3 --- After the Cultural Revolution --- p.117 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.120

The present thesis represents the first major Canadian study to examine images of women in film. It concentrates on a body of film which was produced by the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) in its first decade (1939 to 1949). It is postulated here that the images of women in these films will reflect the position of women in the larger socio-economic context. We begin by looking at the status of women in Canada during World War II and the post-war years (1939 to 1949). Since there has been so little research on women during this period of Canadian history, and since the NFB is a government agency, we examine the House of Commons debates of this era as an index to women's status. We then examine the role of women in the NFB itself, with particular emphasis on the influence that women had in film production during the 1940's. Finally, we examine the images of women in the NFB films. We find that there are distinct differences in the films made by men and those made by women. The major difference is characterized by the fact that the images of women in male-produced films clearly reflect the patriarchal values of the society in which the films were produced, while the female-produced films do not.

This thesis explores the relationship between film form and character expression, both of which are seen as articulated structures, that is utterances in which separable parts operate cooperatively to create meaning. The specific films examined present characters who struggle to express themselves. These inexpressive characters are combined in each case with a disrupted form which displays its own many-jointed structure. The thesis argues that the dynamic relationship between inarticulacies of character, narrative, and form generates an indeterminate dialectic. The unresolved relationship between parts and whole (reminiscent of a complex mosaic structure) complicates the process of reading for univocal meaning. The operation of this dual inarticulacy is discussed in Chapter One. Each subsequent chapter is devoted to a single film and a particular example of formal disjuncture: contrapuntal narrative levels, clashing styles, discontinuous editing, bricolage, the dislocation of genre signifiers from conventional meanings, and intermedia. The films discussed at length in connection with these theories are: 'Journal d'un curé de campagne' (1951); 'Germania anno zero' (1948); 'Belle de Jour' (1967); 'Distant Voices, Still Lives' (1988) and 'The Long Day Closes' (1992); 'Meek's Cutoff' (2010); 'The Pillow Book' (1996).

This thesis aims to explore how narrative films that are marked by crucial obscurities and explanatory gaps in their development manage to become coherent. More specifically, the thesis is interested in examining how these obscurities and explanatory gaps can be understood as meaningful aspects of the films' organisation. Since the function of coherence in film has rarely been examined directly, the thesis first attempts to illuminate it by drawing on the work of two aestheticians who have examined it more systematically. Thus, the first part of the thesis discusses the work of Victor F. Perkins and George Wilson, while attempting to explore aspects of the work of these two aestheticians through the analysis of specific films. The writings of Perkins and Wilson provide a good starting point for the thesis because they raise crucial questions regarding the ways through which narrative films manage to deal with significant tensions in their organisation and intelligibility. The main body of the thesis (the second part of the thesis) then examines four narrative films, each of which is marked by a significant aspect of apparent incoherence. In each case, the thesis attempts to show that this aspect of apparent incoherence - rather than merely obstructing the film's intelligibility - essentially contributes to the creation of the film's idiosyncratic internal logic. In order to understand how this becomes possible, the thesis pays close attention to the ways in which the various components of each examined film relate to each other, observing and analysing the aesthetic strategies which enable each examined film ultimately to come together.

No description available.