Driving is a complex visuomotor task, and the study of eye movements can provide interesting and detailed insights into driving behaviour. The aim of this thesis was to understand (a) what methods are useful to assess driving behaviour, (b) the reasons we observe differences in eye movements when driving, and (c) offer a possible visual training method. The first experiment compared drivers' eye movements and hazard perception performance in an active simulated driving task and a passive video driving task. A number of differences were found, including an extended horizontal and vertical visual search and faster response to the hazards in the video task. It was concluded that when measuring driving behaviour in an active task, vision, attention and action interact in a complex manner that is reflected in a specific pattern of eye movements that is different to when driving behaviour is measured using typical video paradigms. The second experiment investigated how cognitive functioning may influence eye movement behaviour when driving. It was found that those with better cognitive functioning exhibited more efficient eye movement behaviour than those with poorer cognitive functioning. The third experiment compared the eye movement and driving behaviour of an older adult population and a younger adult population. There were no differences in the eye movement behaviour. However, the older adults drove significantly slower, suggesting attentional compensation. The final experiment investigated the efficacy of using eye movement videos as a visual training tool for novice drivers. It was found that novice drivers improved their visual search strategy when driving after viewing videos of an expert driver's eye movements. The results of this thesis helps to provide insights into how the visual system is used for a complex behaviour such as driving. It also furthers the understanding of what may contribute to, and what may prevent, road accidents.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2008. / Principal faculty advisor: George R. Parsons, College of Marine & Earth Studies. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (PhD) - Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, 2007. / Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Institute for Social Research, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, 2007. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 208-243).

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, June, 1994. / Title from PDF t.p.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carnegie Mellon University, 1995. / "September 29, 1995." Includes bibliographical references and index.

Thesis (MTech (Education)) --Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 1992 / The oil crises in the nineteen seventies led to deliberate attempts to save fuel. The technological development of more energy efficient vehicles by motor manufacturers in leading overseas countries resulted in substantial fuel savings. Experts in this field however, feel that further large scale technological improvements in the manufacturing of motor vehicles during the nineties will not be cost effective. For this reason improved driver training is now being considered. In order to devise an appropriate strategy for the development of a driver training programme to promote fuel efficiency various curriculum development models were evaluated, and on the basis of the chosen model, the need for such a programme was further investigated. At present South Africa has no compulsory training for light motor vehicle drivers. Therefore the degree to which existing voluntary training programmes presented in South Africa include the development of fuel efficient driving techniques, was examined. In addition, effective fuel efficient driver training programmes from abroad were obtained and evaluated. These programmes were used to identify deficiencies in local programmes. On the basis of these investigations a set of guidelines was proposed for the formulation of a training programme to promote fuel efficiency on the part of light motor vehicle drivers. The training programme was devised with due consideration to the current state of driver training in the RSA, possible future developments, as well as the needs of various institutions which might use this programme. The completed training programme, consisting of a students' manual and a supplementary video tape, is presented in separate modules to be used either in their own right or on an integrated basis with existing training material. The students' manual and the supplementary video tape were subjected to critical evaluation by a panel of experts in terms of technical quality and content. It is suggested that the proposed programme could be implemented by the School Driver Education Programme, formal driver training schools as well as by individuals in association with the K53 system.

by Meng Xiaoning. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-106). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivation --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Overview --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.3 / Chapter 2 --- Related Research --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Information Technology in Cars --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2 --- Anti-theft Protection --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3 --- Learning Human Behaviors --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4 --- Neural Network Learning --- p.11 / Chapter 3 --- Experimental Design --- p.14 / Chapter 3.1 --- Overview --- p.14 / Chapter 3.2 --- Driving Simulation Subsystem --- p.14 / Chapter 3.3 --- Data Sensing and Capturing Subsystem --- p.15 / Chapter 3.4 --- Data Analysis Subsystem --- p.17 / Chapter 4 --- Data Preprocessing for Feature Selection --- p.23 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.23 / Chapter 4.2 --- Fast Fourier Transform --- p.23 / Chapter 4.3 --- Principal Component Analysis --- p.24 / Chapter 4.4 --- Independent Component Analysis --- p.26 / Chapter 5 --- Classification via Support Vector Machine --- p.28 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.28 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Why Using Support Vector Machine --- p.28 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Mathematic Description --- p.29 / Chapter 5.2 --- Problem Formulation --- p.31 / Chapter 5.3 --- Approach --- p.31 / Chapter 5.4 --- Experimental Results --- p.34 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Preprocess Data Analysis --- p.34 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Models Design --- p.37 / Chapter 5.5 --- Discussion --- p.44 / Chapter 6 --- Evaluation via Hidden Markov Model --- p.47 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.47 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Why Using Hidden Markov Model --- p.48 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Mathematic Description --- p.50 / Chapter 6.2 --- Problem Formulation --- p.51 / Chapter 6.3 --- Approach --- p.53 / Chapter 6.4 --- Experimental Results --- p.56 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Model-to-model Measure --- p.56 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Human-to-model Measure --- p.63 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Parameters Optimization --- p.66 / Chapter 6.5 --- Discussion --- p.69 / Chapter 7 --- System Design and Implementation --- p.71 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.71 / Chapter 7.2 --- Hardware --- p.72 / Chapter 7.3 --- Software --- p.78 / Chapter 7.4 --- System Demonstration --- p.80 / Chapter 8 --- Conclusion and Future Work --- p.82 / Chapter 8.1 --- Contributions --- p.82 / Chapter 8.2 --- Future Work --- p.84 / Chapter A --- Hidden Markov Model Training --- p.87 / Chapter A.1 --- Forward-backward Algorithm --- p.87 / Chapter A.2 --- Baum-Welch Algorithm --- p.87 / Chapter B --- Human Driving Behavior Data --- p.90 / Chapter C --- Publications Resulted from the Study --- p.98

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After describing the development of the ISDV, this thesis studies the energy management which can improve the energy efficiency. It is shown that the traditional electric vehicle (EV) is not capable of managing the energy required for one driving cycle because it has only a single traction motor. This thesis proposes and examines a new way to manage electrical energy in which torque is distributed among different in-wheel motors to achieve a higher level of overall energy efficiency, which has been enhanced and demonstrated in various driving cycles. / Thereafter, the thesis studies two aspects of benefits the ISDV can bring to parking. One is in space efficiency, defined as the ratio of the total space occupied by the vehicle in its final parked state over the whole area covered by the parking lot. Comparison of the ISDV and traditional vehicles in parking proves that the ISDV afford a higher level of space efficiency. The other aspect is the parking time. It is tested experimentally in the hardware-in-loop (HIL) system, and the motions of traditional vehicles, the zero radius turning motion, and the free motion of the ISDV are compared. The less time for parking demonstrates the easiness to steer the ISDV. / Throughout the history of human civilization, vehicles have played a significant role by connecting people in various locations. They have thus boosted the progress of civilization and made our lives more convenient. However, as the number of vehicles on the road has increased, the convenience, which vehicles provide, has gradually turned into inconvenience in three respects: 1) the energy consumed by vehicles accounts for a large proportion of total energy consumption, which is in an ever-increasing trend; 2) more parking space is needed, a significant proportion of which is not for parking itself but for enabling the vehicle to be navigated to its final parking slot; 3) the effort required to park a car is also troublesome, causing the driver to spend much more time in a crowded parking lot. / To alleviate these three problems, I develop a methodology to design an independent steering and driving vehicle (ISDV). It brings together the robotic technologies of steer-by-wire, drive-by-wire, four-wheel-independent-steering, and four-wheel-independent-driving. All four wheels of the ISDV can be steered independently, so that vehicle rotation and translation can be decoupled from each other. Omni-directional motions such as zero radius turning (ZRT) and lateral parking (LP) are realized, thereby enhancing the agility of the vehicle. In contrast with omni-directional wheeled mobile robots, this vehicle is targeted at serving as a human carrier or even as a vehicle carrier in the future. / Qian, Huihuan. / Adviser: Yangsheng Xu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-159). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

In this work we reproduce driving techniques to mimic expert race drivers and obtain the open-loop control signals that may be used by auto-pilot agents driving autonomous ground wheeled vehicles. Race drivers operate their vehicles at the limits of the acceleration envelope. An accurate characterization of the acceleration capacity of the vehicle is required. Understanding and reproduction of such complex maneuvers also require a physics-based mathematical description of the vehicle dynamics. While most of the modeling issues of ground-vehicles/automobiles are already well established in the literature, lack of understanding of the physics associated with friction generation results in ad-hoc approaches to tire friction modeling. In this work we revisit this aspect of the overall vehicle modeling and develop a tire friction model that provides physical interpretation of the tire forces. The new model is free of those singularities at low vehicle speed and wheel angular rate that are inherent in the widely used empirical static models. In addition, the dynamic nature of the tire model proposed herein allows the study of dynamic effects such as transients and hysteresis. The trajectory-planning problem for an autonomous ground wheeled vehicle is formulated in an optimal control framework aiming to minimize the time of travel and maximize the use of the available acceleration capacity. The first approach to solve the optimal control problem is using numerical techniques. Numerical optimization allows incorporation of a vehicle model of high fidelity and generates realistic solutions. Such an optimization scheme provides an ideal platform to study the limit operation of the vehicle, which would not be possible via straightforward simulation. In this work we emphasize the importance of online applicability of the proposed methodologies. This underlines the need for optimal solutions that require little computational cost and are able to incorporate real, unpredictable environments. A semi-analytic methodology is developed to generate the optimal velocity profile for minimum time travel along a prescribed path. The semi-analytic nature ensures minimal computational cost while a receding horizon implementation allows application of the methodology in uncertain environments. Extensions to increase fidelity of the vehicle model are finally provided.