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Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The quest for higher efficiency of the internal combustion engine will always be pursued. Increasingly stringent emission regulations are forcing manufacturers to downsize on engine displacement and increase specific power. By adding a turbocharger, the airflow throught he engine and hence the specific power can be increased.

published_or_final_version / Geography / Master / Master of Philosophy

Lee, Ching Yuen. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 275-288). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / List of Figures --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.xv / List of Abbreviations and Symbols Used --- p.xix / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Roadside Air Pollution Problem --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Nitrogen Dioxide --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Benzene --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Heat and Noise --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2 --- Treatment Methods for Removal of Ambient Air Pollutants --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Physical and Chemical Methods --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Bioremediation --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Passive System and Active System --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Strategy --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Plant as a Bioremediating Agent --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Spent Mushroom Compost (SMC) as a Bioremediating Agent --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- An Integrated System for Air Bioremediation --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Aim and Objectives of the Project --- p.24 / Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of the Project --- p.25 / Chapter 2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1 --- Source of Materials --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Ingredients of Plant Growth Substrate --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Plants --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2 --- Formulation of the Plant Substrate --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Water Holding Capacity --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Water Retention --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Seed Germination Toxicity and Tissue Elongation --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Bulk Density and Porosity --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Substrate Shrinkage --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3 --- Characterization of the Materials --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- pH --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Electrical Conductivity --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- % Organic Matter --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- "Nutrient Contents (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Sodium, Iron)" --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Total Organic Carbon --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Detection for Heavy Metal Contaminants --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Detection for Organic Contaminants --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Extraction Efficiency of Heavy Metal Content and Organic Contaminants --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.9 --- Outdoor Growing Trial of the Bioremediation System using Various Plant Species --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4 --- Characterization of the Plant --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Leaf Area Estimation --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Density of Plantlet --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Growth Rate of Plantlet in Water --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5 --- Temperature Stabilization Test --- p.50 / Chapter 2.6 --- NO2 Removal Test --- p.52 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Preparation of Plantlets --- p.52 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Generation and Sampling of NO2 --- p.52 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Effect of N02 Concentration on RE --- p.55 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Effect of Various Combinations in the Bioremediation System --- p.56 / Chapter 2.6.5 --- "Comparison to Photocatalytic Paint, Physical Sorbents and Other Planting Media" --- p.57 / Chapter 2.6.6 --- Effect of Temperature --- p.60 / Chapter 2.6.7 --- Effect of Retention Time --- p.61 / Chapter 2.6.8 --- Effect of Exposed Time --- p.61 / Chapter 2.6.9 --- Composition Analysis --- p.62 / Chapter 2.6.10 --- Post Tests after N02 Removal Test --- p.63 / Chapter 2.6.11 --- Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Contents --- p.63 / Chapter 2.6.12 --- Phenolic Content --- p.64 / Chapter 2.6.13 --- Total Microbial Count --- p.65 / Chapter 2.6.14 --- Activities of Antioxidative Enzymes --- p.66 / Chapter 2.6.15 --- Nitrite Oxidizing Enzyme --- p.68 / Chapter 2.7 --- Benzene Removal Test --- p.69 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Preparation of Plantlets --- p.69 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Generation and Sampling of Benzene --- p.69 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Effect of Benzene Concentration on RE --- p.74 / Chapter 2.7.4 --- Effect of Various Combinations in the Bioremediation System --- p.75 / Chapter 2.7.5 --- Effect of Temperature --- p.76 / Chapter 2.7.6 --- Effect of Exposed Time --- p.77 / Chapter 2.7.7 --- Effect of Retention Time --- p.78 / Chapter 2.7.8 --- Composition Analysis --- p.78 / Chapter 2.7.9 --- "Comparison to Physical Sorbents, Photocatalytic Paint and Other Planting Media" --- p.79 / Chapter 2.7.10 --- Trials in Order to Increase RE of Benzene --- p.80 / Chapter 2.7.11 --- Residual Benzene in Substrate --- p.83 / Chapter 2.7.12 --- Post Tests after Benzene Removal Test --- p.84 / Chapter 2.7.13 --- Catechol Oxidase Activity --- p.85 / Chapter 2.8 --- Removal Tests for Other Air Pollutants --- p.86 / Chapter 2.9 --- Field Study --- p.88 / Chapter 2.10 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.98 / Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.99 / Chapter 3.1 --- Formulation of Plant Substrate --- p.99 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Dose of SMC in Substrate Formula --- p.99 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Dose of SAP in Substrate Formula --- p.105 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Dose of Rice Hull in Substrate Formula --- p.111 / Chapter 3.2 --- Characterization of the Optimized Wedelia- growing Substrate --- p.118 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Physical and Chemical Analysis --- p.118 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Nutrient and Metal Contents --- p.120 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Detection of Heavy Metal Contaminants --- p.124 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Detection for Organic Contaminants --- p.126 / Chapter 3.3 --- Outdoor Growing Trial of Various Plants --- p.138 / Chapter 3.4 --- Plant Characterization --- p.143 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Growth Rate of Plantlets in Water --- p.143 / Chapter 3.5 --- Temperature Stabilization Test --- p.146 / Chapter 3.6 --- NO2 Removal Test --- p.149 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Effect of NO2 Concentration on RE --- p.149 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Effect of Various Combinations in the Bioremediation System --- p.156 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- "Comparison to Photocatalytic Paint, Physical Sorbents and Other Planting Media" --- p.160 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Effect of Temperature --- p.164 / Chapter 3.6.5 --- Effect of Retention Time --- p.166 / Chapter 3.6.6 --- Effect of Exposed Time --- p.168 / Chapter 3.6.7 --- Post Test Results After Various Exposed Times --- p.170 / Chapter 3.6.8 --- Microbial Count After Various Exposed Times --- p.176 / Chapter 3.6.9 --- Contribution of the Components of the Bioremediation System to Remove NO2 --- p.178 / Chapter 3.7 --- Benzene Removal Test --- p.183 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- Effect of Benzene Concentration on RE --- p.183 / Chapter 3.7.2 --- Effect of Various Combinations in the Bioremediation System --- p.186 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Effect of Temperature --- p.190 / Chapter 3.7.4 --- Effect of Retention Time --- p.192 / Chapter 3.7.5 --- Effect of Exposed Time --- p.194 / Chapter 3.7.6 --- Contribution of Components of the Bioremediation System to Remove Benzene --- p.198 / Chapter 3.7.7 --- Optimization of the Benzene Removal of the Bioremediation System --- p.200 / Chapter 3.7.8 --- "Comparison to Photocatalytic Paint Coatings, Physical Sorbents and Other Planting Media" --- p.204 / Chapter 3.8 --- Removal Test for Other Air Pollutants --- p.208 / Chapter 3.9 --- Field Study I --- p.210 / Chapter 3.9.1 --- Environmental Parameters --- p.210 / Chapter 3.9.2 --- Noise --- p.212 / Chapter 3.9.3 --- Removal versus Distance --- p.213 / Chapter 3.9.4 --- Barrier Effect by Canvas --- p.216 / Chapter 3.9.5 --- NO2 Concentration --- p.216 / Chapter 3.9.6 --- VOC Concentration --- p.218 / Chapter 3.10 --- Field Study II --- p.220 / Chapter 3.10.1 --- Environmental Parameters --- p.220 / Chapter 3.10.2 --- Noise --- p.222 / Chapter 3.10.3 --- NO2 Concentration --- p.224 / Chapter 3.10.4 --- VOC Concentration --- p.225 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.228 / Chapter 4.1 --- Formulation of a Plant-growing Substrate --- p.228 / Chapter 4.2 --- Temperature Stabilization --- p.231 / Chapter 4.3 --- Dynamic Flow Through System in Pollutant Removal Experiment --- p.233 / Chapter 4.4 --- N02 Removal Test --- p.237 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Limiting Factors of NO2 Removal --- p.237 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Adsorption Isotherm --- p.239 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Contribution of NO2 Removal by Various Components --- p.241 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Comparison of NO2 Removal with Other Systems --- p.242 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Comparison of NO2 Removal with Other Studies --- p.246 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Toxicity of NO2 towards the Bioremediation System --- p.247 / Chapter 4.5 --- Interpretation of Results in Benzene Removal Test --- p.251 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Limiting Factors of Benzene Removal --- p.251 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Adsorption Isotherm --- p.253 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Contribution of Benzene Removal by Various Components --- p.254 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Comparison of Benzene Removal with Other Systems --- p.255 / Chapter 4.5.5 --- Trials in Order to Increase RE of Benzene --- p.256 / Chapter 4.5.6. --- Comparison of Benzene Removal with Other Studies --- p.258 / Chapter 4.6 --- Removal of Other Air Pollutants --- p.261 / Chapter 4.7 --- Field Studies with the Vertical Panels of the Bioremediation System --- p.264 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Barrier Effect by Canvas --- p.264 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- Temperature Buffering --- p.265 / Chapter 4.7.3 --- Sound Attenuation --- p.266 / Chapter 4.7.4 --- NO2 and VOC Removal --- p.268 / Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.272 / Chapter 6. --- Further Investigation --- p.274 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.275

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

Fan, Xiaopeng. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-108). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.viii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.x / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter One - --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Hong Kong as a Case Study --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Objectives --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of the Research --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter Two - --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Origin of environmental justice --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Concept --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- Review of environmental inequality studies --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The siting of hazardous waste treatment storage or disposal facilities --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Release of toxics from industries and facilities --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Population exposure to noise and air pollution --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Noise --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Air pollution --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Dissimilarity of the findings --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3 --- Research methodology --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Environmental indicators and parameters --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Pollution exposure assessment method --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Choice of socioeconomic indicators --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Demographic and socioeconomic indicators --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Source of socioeconomic data --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Study unit --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Analytical methods --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4 --- Factors contributing to inequality --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter Three - --- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research Framework --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2 --- Study Unit and Sampling Strategy --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Study unit used in other studies --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Study unit --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Sampling Method --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Air pollution exposure assessment --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Assessment method --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Calculation of emission inventory --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Emission factors estimated by EMFAC-HK model --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Vehicular emission inventory --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Simulation by air pollution dispersion model --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- IMMISnet Model --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Data requirement of MMISn e t Model --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Output ofIMMISnet Model --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4 --- Population socioeconomic indicators --- p.51 / Chapter 3.5 --- Analytical method --- p.53 / Chapter 3.6 --- Summary --- p.53 / Chapter Chapter Four - --- FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1 --- Pollution Exposure Assessment --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2 --- The differential exposure of different age and SDI groups --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- The selection of socioeconomic indicators --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Decile analysis --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Differential exposure based on age groups --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Differential exposure based on SDI groups --- p.71 / Chapter 4.3 --- Regression Analysis --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Pearson's correlation analysis --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Stepwise regression analysis --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.87 / Chapter Chapter Five - --- CONCLUSION --- p.90 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2 --- Summary of Findings --- p.90 / Chapter 5.3 --- Limitation of the study --- p.92 / Chapter 5.4 --- Recommendations for further study --- p.93 / APPENDIX --- p.94 / REFERENCES --- p.101