Thesis (M.S.)--Ball State University, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Apr. 15, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-65).

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

No description available.

No description available.

This thesis details various techniques and considerations for the purification of complex biomacromolecules.   Initially an α-mannosidase from babaco fruit was purified using anion exchange-, lectin affinity- and size exclusion chromatography.  The enzyme was approximately 260-280 kDa in size with an apparent an unusual octagonal stoichiometry and displayed properties similar to other known plant α-mannosidases.   Mucins were fractionated by ion exchange and size exclusion chromatography to assess the properties that govern the mucin surface coating interactions in biomaterial research.  Commercially available mucins, of bovine and porcine origin, as wells as crude human mucin were tested. All showed to consist of a population of molecules which differ in size, charge and composition.   The third part of the thesis concerns different aspects of plasmid DNA purification processes. A two-step method for analysis of plasmid DNA consisting of size exclusion followed by thiophilic adsorption chromatography was evaluated. It allowed determination of the supercoiled plasmid DNA concentration in all process steps without requirement for extensive sample preparation. This method was shown to be fully comparable in terms of accuracy to capillary gel electrophoresis, considered as the industry standard. Purification of plasmid DNA generally involves bacterial cell alkaline lysis, which creates a solution with flocculate material which needs to be removed prior to further processing. The addition of ammonium hydrogen carbonate to the suspension was evaluated to clarify the solution. The released carbon dioxide and ammonium lifts the flocculate to the surface and allows draining of a clear solution. The method is fully scalable, does not affect the plasmid DNA quality and requires no special equipment. Thiophilic adsorption chromatography was evaluated for simplification of an existing commercial large scale purification process and was shown to increase both product purity and yields of several tested plasmids. Also, implementation of this step significantly reduced overall production process time.

The cancer antigen 125 (CA125) is a cell-surface mucin which is over-expressed by the majority of ovarian cancers. However, its biology and the role it plays in ovarian cancer is largely unknown, although other cell-surface mucins have been shown to play a role in apoptosis, cell growth and tumour immune evasion. To analyse the function of CA125 in ovarian cancer, we initially knocked down the expression of CA125 using RNA interference. Knocking down CA125 expression using in vitro transcribed short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) induced a potent cell death response, which has been well characterised in the literature as an induction of an interferon response and resulting in cell apoptosis. Subsequently, using the short hairpin RNA expression vector, pSUPER, which has been shown to knock down genes with high efficiency with reduced off-target affects, we generated stable sub-lines of the ovarian cancer cell line, OVCAR-3, which had been transfected with pSUPER constructs targeting CA125. Intriguingly, these sub-lines had a range of abnormal mitotic events and nuclear defects. However, there was no clear association with the level of CA125 knock down. This could be either due to clonal selection from the parent OVCAR-3 cell line or in addition to CA125 knock down, additional genetic changes are required to occur to favour a state of survival. Similar to the in vitro data, xenografts of the sub-clones into SCID mice generated inconclusive results as to whether CA125 knock down contributes to tumour growth, invasion and metastasis in vivo. More recently, we have been able to achieve high levels of short-term CA125 knock down using synthetic siRNAs designed to reduce off-target affects. These preliminary in vitro and in vivo experiments conducted with pSUPER sub-lines should be repeated using synthetic siRNAs to confirm the role of CA125 in this context. Given the role which the cytoplasmic tail of cell-surface mucins plays in its function, we generated a polyclonal antibody recognising the CA125 cytoplasmic tail, designated M16.1. Immunofluorescence imaging of CA125 in ovarian cancer cell lines, OVCAR-3 and PEO-1, using the OC125 extracellular domain antibody indicated cell-surface localisaton of CA125. However, in addition to the cell-surface localisation, the M16.1 antibody localised to the cell cytoplasm, indicating cleavage and release of the CA125 cytoplasmic tail into the cytosol. Additionally, M16.1 co-localised with α-tubulin at perinuclear sites and to areas resembling microtubule organising centres. However, M16.1 did not co-localise with γ-tubulin at the centrosome, indicating association with non-centrosomal microtubules. Furthermore, depolymerisation of microtubules on ice for 1 hour resulted in loss of diffuse cytoplasmic M16.1 staining but co-localisation between M16.1 and α-tubulin at non-centrosomal sites remained. Intriguingly, when microtubules were allowed to reform at 37oC in PEO-1 cells which had CA125 knocked down by synthetic siRNAs, the ability to reform radial asters was impaired, possibly indicating the CA125 cytoplasmic tail involvement in anchoring microtubules to non-centrosomal sites. Furthermore, we also cloned a portion of CA125 encompassing the cytoplasmic tail, transmembrane domain and 9 tandem repeats. When this construct was transfected into COS-1 cells, the CA125 cytoplasmic tail localised to microtubule bundles during metaphase. Mitotic involvement of the endogenous CA125 cytoplasmic tail was confrmed in OVCAR-3 and PEO-1 cells using M16.1. Given this association and also the results from the pSUPER sub-lines with CA125 knockdown, CA125 may be involved in controlling the fidelity of mitosis, which is grossly altered during tumourigenesis. More recently, it was identified that galectin-1 (Gal-1), an S-type lectin, is a ligand for CA125. Gal-1 is a potent inducer of T cell apoptosis and has been implicated as playing a major role in immune evasion for cancer cells. Consequently, we analysed the expression of CA125 and Gal-1 in ovarian cancer and confirmed the two molecules were expressed concurrently at the mRNA level by RT-PCR. Moreover, immunofluorescence studies also confirmed that CA125 and Gal-1 interacted with each other at the cell-surface of 27/87 cells, an ovarian cancer cell-line. Therefore, we hypothesised that CA125 presents Gal-1 to the immune system, which then induces T cell apoptosis and allows the tumour to escape the immune system. However, CA125 did not protect tumour cells from recognition or killing by T cells, which was shown by no differences in IFN-γ secretion or tumour lysis by cytotoxic T cells using influenza peptide pulsed pSUPER sub-lines with CA125 knockdown. The work described in this thesis suggests that CA125 plays a major role in the aetiology and progression of ovarian cancer through its actions on mitosis, microtubule organisation and immune evasion.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Göteborgs universitet, 2007. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第19633号 / 医科博第71号 / 新制||医科||5(附属図書館) / 32669 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 小柳 義夫, 教授 斎藤 通紀, 教授 秋山 芳展 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Adenocarcinomas e distroglicanopatias são doenças graves que estão associadas a quadros de hipoglicosilação de mucinas tumorais, como a MUC1 (transmembrane glycoprotein Mucin 1) e de mucinas de ?-distroglicana (?-DG). Um dos mais importantes desafios associados à terapia anti-câncer refere-se ao desenvolvimento de estratégias terapêuticas que permitam o direcionamento da ação de drogas anti-tumorais para a célula cancerosa com o objetivo de evitar o acometimento de células saudáveis. Nessa linha, é crucial a construção de sistemas de liberação de medicamentos sítio específicos por meio de marcadores tumorais. Quanto ao diagnóstico das distroglicanopatias, atualmente este se baseia principalmente na observação de manifestações clínicas, biópsias musculares e medidas enzimáticas, sendo que os anticorpos monoclonais disponíveis no mercado não são específicos para a condição do músculo distrófico. Dessa forma, mucinas tumorais e mucinas de ?-DG modificadas tem sido consideradas potenciais alvos para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias diagnósticas e/ou terapêuticas aplicáveis a estas doenças. Para este trabalho, foram sintetizados, em fase sólida, glicopeptídeos miméticos de MUC1 e ?-DG hipoglicosilados, os quais foram utilizados como ferramenta de busca por novos anticorpos recombinantes. Estes antígenos foram imobilizados em uma placa e sobre eles foi aplicada uma biblioteca de fragmentos de anticorpos (Fabs) humanos recombinantes para o desenvolvimento do processo de seleção pela tecnologia de Phage Display. Após quatro rounds consecutivos de seleção, os genes codificadores dos Fabs da biblioteca não selecionada e selecionada foram sequenciados e analisados in silico na plataforma ATTILA. Esta análise permitiu rastrear o enriquecimento dos domínios VH e VL durante a seleção, além de possibilitar a escolha de inúmeros clones para produção. Para este trabalho, quatro fragmentos de anticorpos scFvs recombinantes inéditos para a mucina tumoral MUC1 e ?-DG hipoglicosilados foram desenhados e clonados em vetor de expressão pET29(a) contendo um marcador de identificação (peptídeo FLAG) e outro de purificação (cauda de histidina). A expressão de um scFv recombinante anti-MUC1 foi realizada em E. coli BL21-DE3 pela adição de 0,5mM de IPTG com indução a 20ºC por 16 horas. A purificação foi realizada por cromatografia de afinidade em resina de níquel, seguida de gel filtração, sendo estas etapas monitoradas por SDS-PAGE. A identificação imunoquímica da proteína recombinante foi confirmada por Western Blot, utilizando o anticorpo anti-FLAG. Entende-se que este trabalho, por meio da produção de novas ferramentas biotecnológicas, poderá cooperar para o desenvolvimento de novas formas abordagens diagnósticas e/ou terapêuticas para tumores e distroglicanopatias. / Adenocarcinomas and dystroglycanopathies are serious diseases associated with hypoglycosylation of tumoral mucins, such as MUC1 (transmembrane glycoprotein Mucin 1) and ?-dystroglican mucins (?-DG). One of the most important challenges associated with anti-cancer therapy is the development of therapeutic strategies that allow the targeting of anti-tumor drugs to the cancer cell in order to avoid the involvement of healthy cells. In this regard, the construction of site-specific drug delivery systems by tumor markers is crucial. The diagnosis of dystroglicanopathies are currently based on the observation of clinical manifestations, muscle biopsies and enzymatic measures, and the available monoclonal antibodies are not specific for the dystrophic muscle condition. Thus, tumoral mucins and modified ?-DG mucins have been considered potential targets for the development of new diagnostic and/or therapeutic strategies applicable to these diseases. For this work, glycoproteins MUC1 and ?-DG hypoglycosylated mimetics were synthesized by solid phase reaction, and were used as a search tool for new recombinant antibodies. These antigens were immobilized in a plate and a library of recombinant human antibody (Fabs) fragments was applied thereon for the development of the screening process by Phage Display technology. After four consecutive rounds of selection, the Fabs coding genes from the unselected and selected library were sequenced and analyzed in silico on ATTILA platform. This analysis allowed us to track the enrichment of the VH and VL domains during selection process, and also presented several option of clones to choose for production. For this work, four novel fragments of recombinant scFvs antibodies specific for tumoral mucin MUC1 and ?-DG hypoglycosylated were designed and cloned into pET29 (a) expression vector containing an identification marker (FLAG peptide) and a purification tag (histidine tail). Expression of a recombinant anti-MUC1 scFv was performed on E. coli BL21-DE3 by the addition of 0.5 mM of IPTG with induction at 20°C for 16 hours. Purification was performed by affinity chromatography on nickel resin, followed by gel filtration, these steps being monitored by SDS-PAGE. Immunochemical identification of the recombinant protein was confirmed by Western Blot, using the anti-FLAG antibody. It is understood that this work, through the production of new biotechnological tools, could cooperate for the development of new forms of diagnostic and/or therapeutic approaches for tumors and dystroglicanopathies.