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Design of a reluctance synchronous machine for an electric vehicle with a multi speed gearboxVorster, Christiaan Willem 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Conventional electrical vehicles (EVs) favour mostly permanent magnet
machines with single speed gearboxes. This is understandable, the PM machine
has a high power density making the electrical machine smaller in size.
The PM machine also has a favourable field weakening capability combining
this with a single speed gearbox nearly perfectly matches the required traction
curve. However the dependency of rare earth metals from China and the
environmental issues raised by mining these metals raise concern. Therefore
alternatives should be considered. Induction -, switch reluctance - and wound
rotor machines are all gaining ground as favourable traction machines to power
vehicles. The reluctance synchronous machine (RSM) is known for it’s robustness
and high efficiency, however the machine has a limited field-weakening
capability. To overcome this short coming a multi gearbox from an internal
combustion engine (ICE) is suggested.
By combining the RSM and multi speed gearbox it is possible to match the
traction curve. There are numerous advantages offered by using this system,
especially from an performance and efficiency point of view. However there
are also numerous challenges faced by using the suggested powertrain, however
the focus of this study is mainly on performance and efficiency of the motor
and the powertrain.
As a case study a Corsa 140i is used and the design specifications is taken
from the ICE. The aim is to design a RSM that meets the specifications of
the ICE. The RSM structure is mathematically modelled then optimized using
commercial optimization and 2D finite element software. To evaluate the design of the RSM, the motor is then tested. The powertrain is then tested by
connecting the motor onto the gearbox of the Corsa and the efficiency of the
powertrain is evaluated.
The test results it shown that the RSM can be used as a traction motor.
There are two motors built one with NO20 and the other with M530-65A
lamination steel. Both motors perform well throughout the speed and torque
spectrum. The measured efficiency at the rated condition for the motor with
the NO20 steel is above 91% and the motor with the M530-65A laminations
above 89%. The power train is is tested in 4th and 5th gear. The efficiency of
4th and 5th gear is approximated and the efficiency is above 90% . This high
efficiency makes the multi speed gearbox a competitor for the EV power train. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Elektrisie voertuie (EVe) het meestal permanent magneet motors met ’n
enkel spoed ratkas. Dit is verstaanbaar, die PMS masjien het ’n hoë krag
digtigheid wat die masjien kleiner maak in grote. Die PMS masjien het ’n
baie goeie vloed veld verswakkings gebied en as dit gekombineer word met
’n enkel spoed ratkas, volg dit die velangde traksie kurwe amper perfek. Die
nadeel is dat die PMS motor skaars aard metale nodig het vir die magnete
van China af. Die probleem is dat daar baie omgewings probleme gepaard
gaan om die metale te myn en China beheer die mark. As gevolg hiervan
moet ander tipe motors oorweeg word as traksie motors vir voertuie. Skakel
reluktansie, induksie en ’n wikkel rotor motors is almal besig om vordering te
maak as traksie motors vir EV’e. Die sinchroon reluktansie motor (RSM) is
bekend as ’n robuuste en effektiewe motor. Die probleem met die RSM is dat
dit nie ’n goeie vloed veld verswakkings gebied het nie. Om die probleem te
oorkom, word ’n veranderlike spoed ratkas van ’n binnebrand engin voorgestel.
Deur om die RSM en die veranderlike spoed ratkas as ’n dryfstelsel te gebruik
kan die verlangde traksie kurwe ook verkry word. Daar is talle voordele
om ’n veranderlike spoed ratkas te gebruik, veral van af ’n draaimoment verrigting
en effektiwiteits oogpunt. Daar is ongelukkig ook baie uitdagings wat
gepaard gaan as ’n veranderlike spoed ratkas gebruik wil word in die dryfstelsel.
Alhoewel daar baie uitdagings is kyk die studie slegs na die draaimoment verrigting en die effektiwiteit van die dryfstelsel.
’n Corsa 140i word as ’n gevallestudie gebruik en die spesifikasies vir die
elektrisie motor word vanaf die spesifikasies van die binnebrand engin geneem.
Die doel is om ’n motor te ontwerp wat dieselfde spesifikasies het as die binnebrand
engin. Die RSM strukstuur word wiskundig gemodelleer en dan geoptimeer
deur gebruik te maak van kommersiele optimering en 2D eindige element
sagteware. Om die ontwerp te verifieer word die motor getoets. Die dryfstelsel
word dan getoets deur om die motor met die raktas te konnekteer. Die draaimoment
verrigting en die effektiwiteit word dan ge-evalueer.
Twee motors word gebou, een met NO20 laminasies en een met M530-65A
laminasies. Beide motors het goeie verrigting deur die spoed en draaimoment
gebied. Die gemeete effektiwiteit van die motor met die NO20 laminasies is bo
91% en die motor met die M530-65A laminasies het ’n gemeete effektiwiteit
bo 89%. Die toets resultate wys dat die RSM as ’n traksie motor gebruik
kan word. Die dryfstelsel word in 4de en 5de rat ge-evalueer. Die effektiwiteit
van die ratkas in 4de en 5de word benader en ’n effektiwiteit bo 90% is verkry.
Hierdie hoë effektiwiteit maak die veranderlike spoed ratkas ’n lewensvatbare
mededinger in die EV dryfstelsel.
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Viacrýchlostná Európska únia a jej dopady na Slovensko / Multi-speed European Union and its impacts on SlovakiaStanová, Zuzana January 2013 (has links)
Multi-speed European Union is a very up-to-date topic especially in terms of the finance and debt crisis, which deepened the differences between member states' economies. Multi-speed integration is one of the ways how to satisfy the claims of all member states, respect their different socioeconomic conditions and interests and at the same time not to disturb the integration process. The objective of this thesis is to introduce the concept of multi-speed integration from different theoretical points of view, to outline its historical development and assess its positive and negative impacts on the EU as a whole and on Slovakia. The analysis of impacts of the Economic and Monetary Union's multi-speed character on Slovakia is the key part of this thesis. These impacts on Slovakia are both positive and negative, but some of them cannot be categorized in general. In the aggregate the positive impacts prevail.
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Model víceotáčkového motoru a simulace v programu ANSYS Maxwell / FEM model and simulation of induction motor with pole-changing windingZáškodný, Jiří January 2018 (has links)
This master thesis deals with calculations and simulations of multi-speed induction motors. In the first part, basic principle of these machines is described. Next, there are given three examples of pole-changing stator windings and their properties are analyzed (winding factors, magnetomotive force). Main part includes simulations and measuring of the specific motor, which is produced by company Siemens Mohelnice. This is the motor with 2/1 pole-changing in Y/YY connection. First, influence of skewed rotor slots on current and torque is analyzed. Next, parametres of motor from simulations are given and these results are compared to measured values.
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EU35 — En framtid präglad av differentierad integration? : En kvalitativ textanalys av den Europeiska kommissionens och Europaparlamentets diskussioner om europeisk integrationStrand, Eskil January 2023 (has links)
Uppsatsens syfte är att förstå hur den Europeiska kommissionen och Europaparlamentet diskuterar differentierad integration. Metoden som används är en kvalitativ textanalys där teorier om europeisk integration från forskningsområdet internationella relationer används som analysverktyg. En slutsats som dras är att teorierna om neofunktionalism och liberal intergovernmentalism kan komplettera varandra för att ge en mer mångsidig förståelse av de något olika diskussionerna. Den Europeiska kommissionen och Europaparlamentet vill i de tolkade dokumenten främst bibehålla en enhetlig union, men de är villiga att ge frihet till ambitiösa medlemsstater inom särskilda policyområden genom inkluderande opt in-lösningar av differentierad integration. Den Europeiska kommissionen och Europaparlamentet är motståndare till exkluderande opt out-lösningar av differentierad integration, de menar att exkluderande former av differentiering exempelvis skulle kunna leda till polarisering, fragmentering och ett upplevt skapande av ett första- och andraklassens EU-medlemskap. Gradvist tillträde är därmed historiskt sett som en sämre lösning till problemet kring kandidatländers integration, om gradvist tillträde skulle implementeras i integrationsprocessen för framtida kandidatländer skulle det därmed innebära ett trendbrott inom utvidgningspolicyn från den Europeiska unionen. / The thesis’ purpose is to understand how the European Commission and the European Parliament discusses differentiated integration. The method applied is a qualitative text analysis in which theories of European integration from the research field of international relations is used as an analytical tool. One conclusion recognises the fact that both the theory of neofunctionalism and liberal intergovernmentalism are complementary tools in understanding the discussions from a multitude of perspectives. The European Commission and the European Parliament expressed in the analysed documents that uniform integration within the Union is preferred, but they are still open to giving freedom to Member States in specific policy areas through inclusionary opt-in measures of differentiated integration. The European Commission and European Parliament are opposed to exclusionary opt-out measures of differentiation, as they mean it could lead to polarisation, fragmentation, and the perceived notion of first- and second-class Member States. Staged accession is therefore historically seen as a poor solution to the problem of integrating the candidate countries, if staged accession would be implemented into the integration process for future candidate countries, it would therefore mark a change in trend within the enlargement policy of the European Union.
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