L'évolution des systèmes de télécommunications conduit à la conception de codecs de la parole et du son de plus en plus sophistiqués, accroissant ainsi la concurrence de l'industrie de l'audio et accordant une importance grandissante à la qualité de service. Si l'évaluation de la qualité des codecs peut s'opérer suivant des mesures objectives ou subjectives, les secondes restent les plus fiables dans la mesure où la qualité perçue par les utilisateurs est intrinsèquement subjective. Toutefois, les tests subjectifs requièrent des signaux d'ancrage, i.e. des signaux artificiels visant la reproduction des défauts perceptifs des codecs de sorte que les dégradations provoquées soient aisément contrôlables. Le système de référence actuellement normalisé par l'Union Internationale des Télécommunications est le MNRU (Modulated Noise Reference Unit) qui simule le bruit de quantification introduit par les premiers codecs en forme d'onde. L'évolution de la technologie rend aujourd'hui ce système obsolète, et il s'agit donc de concevoir un nouveau système d'ancrage plus adapté aux codecs actuels. En considérant la qualité audio comme un objet multidimensionnel, nous avons mis en évidence un espace perceptif à quatre dimensions, et ce à partir de deux approches de réduction de dimensionnalité, l'AFM (Analyse Factorielle Multiple) et la MDS 3–voies (MultiDimensional Scaling). A partir des quatre dimensions identifiées – « Réduction de la largeur de bande », « Bruit de fond », « Écho/Réverbération » et « Distorsion de la parole » –, nous avons modélisé puis validé les signaux d'ancrage des trois premières dimensions et proposé deux modèles de signaux d'ancrage pour la quatrième. / The evolution of technology led to the design of very sophisticated speech and audio codecs. Accordingly, the competition in audio devices manufacturing has increased and today the quality of service becomes crucial for telecommunications operators. Quality of codecs is assessed through objective and subjective measures, the second ones being the most reliable since the quality perceived by users is inherently subjective. Nevertheless, subjective tests require anchor signals corresponding to artificial signals, which reproduce the perceptual impairments of codecs in such a manner that the amount of degradation can be easily controlled. The reference system currently standardized by the International Telecommunication Union is the Modulated Noise Reference Unit (MNRU), which simulates the quantization noise of the first generation of waveform codecs. Due to the evolution of codecs, the MNRU system became obsolete and researchers aim at designing a new reference system of anchor signals more suited to current codecs. Assuming that speech and audio quality is multidimensional, we first identified four perceptual dimensions using two dimensionality reduction techniques – the MFA (Multiple Factor Analysis) and the 3–way MDS (MultiDimensional Scaling). From the identified dimensions, namely “Bandwidth limitation”, “Background noise”, “Echo/Reverberation” and “Speech distortion”, we succeeded in modeling and validating anchor signals for three of them and we suggested two models of anchor signals for the last one.

The objective of this diploma thesis is on one side to analyze the fertility rate in Slovakia, Czech republic and Sweeden and to compare their development after the fall of the communist establishment from 1990 till 2014 and on the other side to categorize these countries to clusters of EU countries based on chosen variables using multidimensional statistical analysis. I consider the second chapter of the thesis, which focuses on analysis of intensity of fertility rate using direct standardization as well as on verification, whether connection between clusters of EU countries and their geographical location exists, to be my personal addition to the addressed issue. Based on my analyses, the conclusion of the thesis is a finding, that countries, which support reduced working hours have a higher total fertility rate. For that reason, if the natality is about to grow, it is a must to concentrate not only on states family politics but mainly to support the ability of young mothers to become part of a regular working process while on their maternity leave.