No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, August, 1995. / Title from PDF t.p.

Thesis (M.S.)--King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 1989. / Title from document title page. Includes bibliographical references. Available in PDF format via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-127). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MSc (Mathematics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Packed beds are widely used in industry to improve the total contact area between two substances in a multiphase process. The process typically involves forced convection of liquid or gas through either structured or dumped solid packings. Applications of such multiphase processes include mass transfer to catalyst particles forming the packed bed and the adsorption of gases or liquids on the solid packing. An experimental study on the determination of air flow pressure drops over different packingmaterialswas carried out at the Telemark University College in Porsgrunn,Norway. The packed bed consisted of a cylindrical column of diameter 0.072m and height 1.5m, filled with different packingmaterials. Air was pumped vertically upwards through a porous distributor to allow for a uniform inlet pressure. Resulting pressure values were measured at regular height intervals within the bed. Due to the geometric nature of a Raschig ring packing wall effects, namely the combined effects of extra wall shear stress due to the column surface and channelling due to packing adjacent to a solid column surface, were assumed to be negligible. Several mathematical drag models exist for packed beds of granular particles and an important question arises as to whether they can be generalized in a scientific manner to enhance the accuracy of predicting the drag for different kinds of packing materials. Problems with the frequently used Ergun equation, which is based on a tubular model for flow between granules and then being empirically adjusted, will be discussed. Some theoretical models that improve on the Ergun equation and their correlation with experimental work will be discussed. It is shown that a particular pore-scale model, that allows for different geometries and porosities, is superior to the Ergun equation in its predictions. Also important in the advanced models is the fact that it could take into account anomalies such as dead zones where no fluid transport is present and surfaces that do neither contribute to shear stress nor to interstitial form drag. The overall conclusion is that proper modelling of the dynamical situation present in the packing can provide drag models that can be used with confidence in a variety of packed bed applications. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gepakte materiaal strukture word in die industrie gebruik om die kontak area tussen twee stowwe in meervoudige faseprosesse te vergroot. Die proses gaan gewoonlik gepaard met geforseerde konveksie van ’n vloeistof of ’n gas deur gestruktureerde of lukrake soliede gepakte strukture. Toepassings van sulke meervoudige faseprossese sluit onder andere in die massa-oordrag na katalisator partikels wat die gepakte struktuur vorm of die absorpsie van gasse of vloeistowwe op die soliede gepakte elemente. ’n Eksperimentele ondersoek oor die drukval van veskillende gepakte elemente in ’n kolom is gedoen by die Telemark University College in Porsgrunn, Noorweë. Die gepakte struktuur het bestaan uit ’n kolommet ’n diameter van 0.072m en ’n hoogte van 1.5m. Lug is vertikaal opwaarts gepomp deur ’n poreuse plaat wat gesorg het vir ’n benaderde uniforme snelheidsprofiel. Die druk is toe op intervalle deur die poreuse struktuur gemeet. In die studie is die effekte van die eksterne wande, nl. die bydrae van die wand se wrywing en die vorming van kanale langs die kolom wand, as weglaatbaar aanvaar. Daar bestaan baie wiskundige dempingsmodelle vir gepakte strukture wat uit korrels saamgestel is. ’n Belangrike vraag kan dus gevra word, of laasgenoemde modelle veralgemeen kan word op ’n wetenskaplike manier om die demping deur verskillende gepakte strukture akkuraat te kan voorspel. Probleme wat ontstaan het met die wel bekende Ergun vergelyking, wat gebaseer is op ’n kapillêre model en wat toe verder aangepas is deur empiriese resultate van uniforme sfere, sal bespreek word. Teoretiesemodelle wat verbeteringe op die Ergun vergelyking voorstel sal bespreek word en vergelyk word met eksperimentele data. Daar word ook gewys dat ’n spesifieke porie-skaal model, wat aanpasbaar is vir verskillende geometrieë en porositeite, in baie gevalle beter is as die Ergun vergelyking. ’n Ander baie belangrike aspek van gevorderde modelle is die moontlikheid om stagnante gebiede in die gepakte strukture in ag te neem. Laasgenoemde gebiede sal die totale kontak area sowel as die intermediêre vorm demping verlaag. Die gevolgtrekking is dat wanneer deeglike modulering van dinamiese situasies in die industrie gedoen word kan dempings modelle met vertroue op ’n verskeidenheid gepakte strukture toegepas word.

Na região do espectro visível o petróleo é opaco, porém na região do infravermelho o petróleo apresenta translucidez à radiação. Isto permite a detecção óptica e não intrusiva de fenômenos que ocorram com o petróleo e no interior do volume contendo petróleo. É então explorada a região de 8 a 12 μm mostrando resultados que comprovam o potencial da técnica. A detecção óptica baseia-se na Lei de Beer-Lambert: o espectro eletromagnético emitido por fonte óptica, ao atravessar meio absorvedor, sofre decaimento exponencial na intensidade correspondente ao caminho óptico percorrido, à concentração da substância e ao seu coeficiente de absorção. Porém, em certos casos, outros efeitos ópticos, como a reflexão e a refração predominam, gerando resultados que não são compreendidos somente pelo estudo da absorção. Para compreender tais resultados é implementado modelo matemático do escoamento de bolhas de ar em petróleo. Ao utilizar radiação infravermelha para detecção óptica trabalha-se no liminar entre o domínio óptico e o térmico. Para entendimento dos limites de cada efeito é realizado estudo da influência da variação de temperatura na detecção óptica do petróleo. Tendo todo o sistema óptico caracterizado, são realizados testes com o escoamento de bolhas de ar em petróleo e desenvolvido o circuito fechado para o escoamento bifásico envolvendo petróleo e ar. É observado o escoamento de bolhas em cuveta com 12 mm de comprimento de interação. Como os resultados foram obtidos sem a utilização de materiais otimizados para o comprimento de onda de trabalho, conclui-se ser possível transmissão por caminhos mais longos. Como conclusão, é possível detectar de forma não intrusiva o escoamento bifásico envolvendo petróleo e ar empregando técnicas de monitoramento baseadas em radiação infravermelha. Os resultados são promissores e devem resultar no desenvolvimento de instrumentação com potencial para aplicação em campo para a caracterização de escoamento envolvendo petróleo e outras substâncias como água, CO2, H2S, gás natural entre outros. / Petroleum is opaque in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and therefore is normally a common sense that optical techniques cannot be used as a noninvasive tool to monitor any physical or chemical phenomena through a petroleum volume. There is, however, a great opportunity when the infrared region of the petroleum optical absorption spectrum given that it is semitransparent and therefore radiation can propagate through a volume containing petroleum or mixture with petroleum. The optical detection is based on the Beer-Lambert Law: the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by an optical source, crossing through the absorber undergoes exponential decay in intensity corresponding to the optical path, the concentration of the substance and its absorption coefficient. However, in certain cases, other optical effects such as reflection and refraction predominate, leading to light attenuation that is not understood only by the study of absorption. To understand these results it is implemented a mathematical model of the air bubbles flowing inside a petroleum volume. It is worth pointing out that the IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum can be understood via optical as well as thermal phenomena. To understand the limits of each effect a study of the influence of the temperature variation on the optical detection of petroleum is performed. The flow of air bubbles in static petroleum is studied and a flow loop for air and oil is designed and tested and the flow is measured by the IR monitoring system. The flow of bubbles is observed through 12 mm length of petroleum. These results were obtained without using optimized components and it is concluded that transmission through longer paths is possible. In conclusion, it is possible to detect, by a non -intrusive technique, the two-phase flow involving the petroleum and air employing monitoring techniques based on infrared radiation. The results are promising and should result in the development of instrumentation for potential application in the field for characterizing flow involving petroleum and other substances such as water, CO2, H2S, natural gas and others. Keywords (letras minúsculas separadas por vírgulas): infrared, petroleum, CO2, multiphase flow.