Thesis (Ph.D.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-164). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Carleton University, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

The Internet of Bodies (IoB) is a wireless network of on-body or in-body commu- nication formed by wearable, ingestible, injectable, and implantable smart devices. The vast majority of on-body communications, is typically required to be within <5 cm vicinity of the human body. The radiative nature of currently used RF devices leads to wasted energy that is radiated in unneeded off-body directions. Consequently, it degrades energy efficiency, introduces co-existence and interference problems, and imposes security threats on sensitive data. As an alternative, the capacitive body channel communication (BCC) couples the signal (between 10 kHz-100 MHZ) to the human body, which is more conductive than air. Hence, it provides lower loss, bet- ter privacy and confidentiality, and nJ/bit to pJ/bit energy efficiency. Accordingly, our work investigates orthogonal and non-orthogonal capacitive body channel access schemes for ultralow-power IoB networks with or without cooperation. We derive the closed-form optimal power allocation for uplink and downlink transmissions and the maximum number of IoB nodes satisfying a reliable and feasible network for non- cooperative schemes. The cooperative schemes necessitate joint optimization of both power and phase time allocations. We achieve this by using the Golden-Section search algorithm to minimize the power consumption in both phases.

This thesis is a study of multiple access schemes for satellite land mobile systems that provide a domestic or regional service to a large number of small terminals. Three orbit options are studied, namely the geostationary, elliptical (Molniya) and inclined circular orbits. These are investigated for various mobile applications and the choice of the Molniya orbit is justified for a U. K. system. Frequency, Time and Code Division Multiple Access (FDMA, TDMA and CDMA) are studied and their relative merits in the mobile environment are highlighted. A hybrid TDMA/FDMA structure is suggested for a large system. Reservation ALOHA schemes are appraised in a TDMA environment and an adaptive reservation multiple access protocol is proposed and analysed for a wide range of mobile communication traffic profiles. The system can cope with short and long data messages as well as voice calls. Various protocol options are presented and a target system having 100,000 users is considered. Analyses are presented for the steady state of protocols employing pure and slotted ALOHA and for the stabilty of the slotted variant, while simulation techniques were employed to validate the steady state analysis of the slotted ALOHA protocol and to analyse the stability problem of the pure ALOHA version. An innovative technique is put forward to integrate the reservation and the acquisition processes. It employs the geographical spread of the users to form part of the random delay in P-ALOHA. Finally an economic feasibility study is performed for the spacesegment. For costs of capital (r) less than 23 % the discounted payback period is less than the project's lifetime (10 years). At r- 8% the payback period is about 5.6 years, while the internal-rate-of-return is 22.2 %. The net present value at the end of the projects lifetime is £M 70 at r-8%.

Recently, a novel technique for multi-user spread-spectrum mobile systems, the called interleave-division multiple-access (IDMA) scheme, was proposed by L. Ping etc. The advantage of IDMA is that it inherits many special features from code-division multiple-access (CDMA) such as diversity against fading and mitigation of the other-cell user interference. Moreover, it¡¦s capable of employing a very simple chip-by-chip iterative multi-user detection strategy. In this thesis, we investigate the performance of combining IDMA and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme. In order to improve the bit error rate performance, we applied low-density parity-check (LDPC) coding to the proposed scheme, named by LDPC Coded OFDM-IDMA Systems. Based on the aid of iterative multi-user detection algorithm, the multiple-access interference (MAI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI) could be canceling efficiently. In short, the proposed scheme provides an efficient solution to high-rate multiuser communications over multipath fading channels.

In this thesis, we consider a vector Gaussian multiple access channel (MAC) with users demanding reliable communication at specific (Shannon-theoretic) rates. The objective is to assign vectors and powers to these users such that their rate requirements are met and the sum of powers received is minimum. We identify this power minimization problem as an instance of a separable convex optimization problem with linear ascending constraints. Under an ordering condition on the slopes of the functions at the origin, an algorithm that determines the optimum point in a finite number of steps is described. This provides a complete characterization of the minimum sum power for the vector Gaussian multiple access channel. Furthermore, we prove a strong duality between the above sum power minimization problem and the problem of sum rate maximization under power constraints. We then propose finite step algorithms to explicitly identify an assignment of vectors and powers that solve the above power minimization and sum rate maximization problems. The distinguishing feature of the proposed algorithms is the size of the output vector sets. In particular, we prove an upper bound on the size of the vector sets that is independent of the number of users. Finally, we restrict vectors to an orthonormal set. The goal is to identify an assignment of vectors (from an orthonormal set) to users such that the user rate requirements is met with minimum sum power. This is a combinatorial optimization problem. We study the complexity of the decision version of this problem. Our results indicate that when the dimensionality of the vector set is part of the input, the decision version is NP-complete.

Research in the field of random access protocols for narrow-band systems started as early as the 1970s with the introduction of the ALOHA protocol. From the research done in slotted narrow-band systems, it is well known that contention results in all the packets involved in the contention being unsuccessful. However, it has been shown that in the presence of unequal power levels, ore of the contending packets may be successful. Ibis is a phenomenon called capture. Packet capture has been shown to improve the performance of slotted narrow-band systems. Recently, much work has been done in the analysis of spread-spectrum ALOHA type code-division multiple access (CDMA) protocols. The issue of designing power control techniques to improve the performance of CDMA systems by reducing multiple access interference (MAl) has been a subject of much research. It has been shown that in the presence of power control schemes, the performance of spread-ALOHA CDMA systems is improved. However, it is also widely documented that the design of power control schemes capable of the ideal of compensation of radio propagation techniques is not possible for various reasons, and hence the imperfections in power control. None of the research known to the author has looked at capture in spread-ALOHA systems, and to a greater extent, looked at expressions for the performance of spreadALOHA systems in the presence of capture. In this thesis we introduce spread-ALOHA systems with capture as a manifestation of the imperfections in power control. We propose novel expressions for the computation of the perfonnance ofspread-ALOHA systems with capture. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.

With code division multiple access (CDMA) systems being the prominent multiple access scheme for the air interface for 3G cellular systems, most standardisation bodies have based their terrestrial cellular systems on DS-CDMA (W-CDMA, UMTS, cdma2000). With 4G systems fast approaching, bringing with them improved services and quality of service standards, there is growing interest in further investigating and developing more efficient multiple access techniques such as multicarrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) systems. MC-CDMA combines multicarrier modulation (MCM), namely OFDM, with CDMA profiting from the benefits of both multiplexing techniques; as such, MC-CDMA is emerging as a possible candidate for the air interface multiple access scheme for 4G cellular systems. Multiple access interference (MAI) is a limiting factor of CDMA systems in terms of system capacity as orthogonally designed spreading sequences lose their orthogonality in the presence of timing misalignments amongst mobile subscribers in a cell; such is the case over the uplink channel. Ensuring orthogonal code properties minimises the MAI over synchronous environments, however, it is when the users are allowed to transmit asynchronously, as is the case over the uplink channel, that MAI inflicts significant performance degradation. In CDMA systems, all subscribers are active on the same frequency band simultaneously and signal separation is facilitated upon reception via the properties of the assigned spreading codes. Under asynchronous conditions the code properties alone do not provide the necessary separation and an additive MAI term remains in the detection process. In addition to the separation abilities of the spreading codes, a further method of deciphering the desired subscriber signal from the interfering subscriber signals is sought. In this thesis we propose a statistical model for both the probability density function (pdf) of the total MAI power and the corresponding bit-error rate (BER) observed during asynchronous CDMA transmission. The modelling offers the full statistic the MAI power and resulting BER, not just the first and second order statistics. In addition to statistically quantifying the MAI power, the thesis also proposes a technique for the successful reduction of MAI caused by asynchronous transmission. This interference reduction technique is derived from an ambiguity domain analysis of the asynchronous CDMA detection problem and its application to both the DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA multiplexing techniques is presented and the results show significant MAI reduction, and thus an improved the BER. A methodology for the approximation of the total MAI power pdf and the resulting BER pdf is proposed for the asynchronous DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA techniques. This methodology is derived for the use of Walsh-Hadamard (WH) and Gold spreading sequences, however, it is applicable to any given set of deterministic spreading sequences. The total MAI power pdfs of both systems are statistically modelled as being Nakagamim distributed and the corresponding BER modelling is derived from the Nakagami-m formulation offering the full statistic of both the incurred MAI power and the achievable BER. The proposed pdf acquisition methodology and statistical models can be used as analysis tools to assess the relative performances of the DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA techniques for a variety of communications environments. Here the asynchronous uplink channel is considered in the absence of fading and the results show a clear distinction between the BER performances of the MC-CDMA and DS-CDMA systems, for which the MC-CDMA system offers a superior performance for the purely asynchronous channel considered. The results suggest a higher resistance to MAI in the MC-CDMA technique in comparison to the DS-CDMA system for the considered transmission scenario. Following ambiguity function analysis of the asynchronous CDMA detection problem, the concept of dual-frequency switching is introduced to the existing DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA techniques giving rise to the proposed dual-frequency DS-CDMA (DF/DSCDMA) and dual-frequency MC-CDMA (DF/MC-CDMA) schemes. Periodically switching the carrier frequency between dual frequency bands at consecutive symbol boundaries facilitates partial CDMA signal separation upon asynchronous reception. Such switching of the carrier frequency induces a separation in frequency between offset interference signals and the reference signal; this is equivalent to shifting the energy concentration of the interference signals away form the ambiguity domain origin (representing the decision variable of the matched filter). Further MAI reduction is demonstrated through careful design of the dual carrier frequencies. The newly proposed DF systems clearly outperform the standard DS-CDMA and MC-CDMA systems when adopting equivalent spreading factors. The DF/DS-CDMA technique in particular achieves the most MAI reduction and in doing so, surpasses all other considered techniques to offer the best BER performance for the purely asynchronous channel considered. In terms of bandwidth usage, the DF/DS-CDMA band width is 1.5 times that of the DF/MC-CDMA system and from the BER results presented, one may argue that DF/MC-CDMA offers the better BER given the bandwidth usage. The multicarrier systems presented, MC-CDMA and DF/MC-CDMA, offer attractive BER performances for the bandwidth used and it is concluded that MC-CDMA is a genuine candidate for the uplink air interface multiple access scheme for future mobile cellular technologies.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-18T18:59:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leonardodemellobrandaoabdodib.pdf: 1435361 bytes, checksum: 5e9afeb4cc3aff2697cb2afe973ab9ca (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: on 2018-04-19T13:20:42Z (GMT) / Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-19T13:31:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardodemellobrandaoabdodib.pdf: 1435361 bytes, checksum: 5e9afeb4cc3aff2697cb2afe973ab9ca (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-19T13:32:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardodemellobrandaoabdodib.pdf: 1435361 bytes, checksum: 5e9afeb4cc3aff2697cb2afe973ab9ca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-19T13:32:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardodemellobrandaoabdodib.pdf: 1435361 bytes, checksum: 5e9afeb4cc3aff2697cb2afe973ab9ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Este trabalho descreve características importantes de um sistema híbrido power line communication (PLC)/comunicação sem fio para aplicações smart grid (SG) e Internet das coisas (IoT). Além disso, discute as vantagens dos sistemas híbridos em comparação com os sistemas não híbridos. Estas vantagens são demonstradas não somente do ponto de vista técnico, mas também pela perspectiva de infraestrutura. Além disso, esta dissertação destaca uma conexão entre a capilaridade do IoT e a infraestrutura de comunicação fornecida pelo SG, bem como os aspectos de segurança que relacionam o contexto SG e IoT. Além disso, este trabalho aborda a influência do meio ambiente nas comunicações de rede elétrica e sem fio. Por outro lado, existe um enorme esforço de pesquisa em relação às tecnologias avançadas de comunicação de dados, considerando tanto as aplicações IoT de baixa taxa de bits quanto as aplicações SG, de modo a cumprir os requisitos de projeto para sistemas de telecomunicações. Com o objetivo de maximizar o uso da largura de banda disponível para aplicações PLC, esta dissertação faz uso do esquema orthogonal chirp division multiplexing (OCDM) que usa a transformada discreta de Fresnel de forma análoga à transformada discreta de Fourier. Trabalhos anteriores mostraram resultados de desempenho interessantes para esse esquema em aplicações de banda passante (por exemplo, comunicação sem fio, fibra óptica e mídia acústica subaquática). Este trabalho aborda a construção de versões do esquema OCDM que permitem a comunicação de dados usando sinais banda base, possibilitando a aplicação do esquema OCDM em sistemas PLC. Além disso, ele introduz um esquema baseado em vários usuários denominado multichirp code division multiple access (MCp-CDMA), que é uma combinação de CDMA e OCDM com o objetivo de acomodar um grande número de nós e endpoints para PLC de banda estreita e que também seja adequado para aplicações SG e IoT. Finalmente, os resultados numéricos apontam que, para um ambiente difícil e ruidoso, o esquema OCDM é capaz de suavizar o efeito do ruído impulsivo. Além disso, o esquema OCDM demonstrou resultados excepcionais quando o comprimento do canal é desconhecido comparativamente aos esquemas Hermitian symmetric orthogonal frequency division multiplexing e monoportadora com prefixo cíclico. As simulações usando o esquema MCp-CDMA demonstraram grande estabilidade e consistência de desempenho entre os diferentes cenários analisados. / This work outlines important characteristics of hybrid power line communication (PLC)/wireless data communication system for smart grid (SG) and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Moreover, it discusses the hybrid systems advantages in comparison to non-hybrid ones. These advantages are demonstrated not only in the technical point of view but also in the infrastructural perspective. Also, this thesis highlights a connec-tion between the capillarity of IoT and the communication infrastructure provided by SG as well as the security aspects that relate SG and IoT context. Furthermore, this work addresses the environmental influence on wireless and power line communications. In another hand, there is a huge research effort regarding advanced data communication technologies considering both low bit rate IoT and SG applications in order to comply with the requirements to design telecommunications systems. Aiming to maximize the use of the available bandwidth for PLC applications, this thesis makes use of the orthog-onal chirp division multiplexing (OCDM) scheme that uses discrete Fresnel transform in an analogous fashion as discrete Fourier transform. Previous works showed interesting performance results for such scheme in passband applications (e.g., wireless, optical fiber, and underwater acoustic media). This work addresses the design of versions of the OCDM scheme that can allow the data communication using baseband signals, making possible the application of the OCDM scheme in PLC systems. Furthermore, it introduces a mul-tiuser based scheme termed multichirp code division multiple access (MCp-CDMA), which is a combination of CDMA and OCDM, in order to accommodate a large number of nodes and end-points aiming narrowband PLC that is also suitable for SG and IoT applications. Finally, numerical results point out that for a hard and noisy environment, OCDM scheme is able to soften the impulsive noise effect. Also, OCDM scheme demonstrated outstand-ing results when the channel length is unknown comparatively to Hermitian symmetric orthogonal frequency division multiplexing and single carrier-cyclic prefix schemes. The simulations using the MCp-CDMA scheme demonstrated great stability and performance consistency among the different scenarios analyzed.

Orientador: Celso de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T01:46:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mello_RodolphoContiGianiniFerreira_M.pdf: 1434278 bytes, checksum: c9d50dad0686c63ee7429ff495370ace (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Os fatores responsáveis pela vazão de dados em uma rede celular são o número de usuários alocados em uma célula e a taxa de dados de cada usuário. Desta forma, para alcançar melhores resultados em termos de vazão de dados, deve-se utilizar de técnicas que trabalhem com foco no produto destes dois parâmetros. Este trabalho consiste em uma análise comparativa entre diferentes sistemas CDMA sob a ótica da vazão de dados, tendo como foco sequências de espalhamento do tipo aleatórias e também de Walsh e detecção com filtro casado e com o detector multiusuário descorrelacionador (MUD-D - Multiuser Detector Decorrelator), além de considerar a presença de interferência interna e externa no sistema. O método utilizado para a análise e comparação consiste na modelagem matemática do enlace reverso de um sistema celular DS-CDMA em canal AWGN com controle perfeito de potência e com alguns parâmetros fixos, tais como, a taxa máxima de erro de bit ( ), a taxa mínima de dados por usuário (10 kbps, referente ao serviço de voz) e a potência máxima de transmissão de 0,5W por estação móvel. Este trabalho apresenta também uma análise comparativa entre um sistema DS-CDMA com filtro casado e outro com o detector MUD-D na presença de interferência externa. A análise comparativa do detector MUD-D com o filtro casado em ambiente com interferência externa e toda a análise da vazão de dados do sistema são contribuições do autor / Abstract: The factors responsible for the data throughput in a cellular network are the number of users allocated in a cell and the users' data rate. This way, to reach better results in terms of data throughput, one must use techniques that act with focus on the product of those two parameters. This work consists in a comparative analysis among different CDMA systems from the perspective of the data throughput, focusing on random and Walsh spreading sequences and detection method with matched filter and with the multi-user detector decorrelator (MUD-D), besides considering the presence of internal and external interference in the system. The analysis and comparison methods consist in the CDMA cellular system uplink mathematical modelling in an AWGN channel considering a perfect power control and some fixed parameters such as the maximum bit error rate ( ), minimum data rate per user (10 kbps, referring to the voice service) and maximum transmitting power of 0.5 W per mobile station. This work also presents a comparative analysis between a DS-CDMA system with matched filter and another with the MUD-D detector in the presence of external interference. The MUD-D and matched filter comparative analysis in a scenario with external interference and the whole system's data throughput analysis are the author's contribution / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica