Multipliers are used in most arithmetic computing systems such as 3D graphics, signal processing, and etc. It is inherently a slow operation as a large number of partial products are added to produce the result. There has been much work done on designing multipliers [1]-[6]. In first stage, Multiplication is implemented by accumulation of partial products, each of which is conceptually produced via multiplying the whole multi-digit multiplicand by a weighted digit of multiplier. To compute partial products, most of the approaches employ the Modified Booth Encoding (MBE) approach [3]-[5], [7], for the first step because of its ability to cut the number of partial products rows in half. In next step the partial products are reduced to a row of sums and a row of caries which is called reduction stage. / Multiplication is one of the major bottlenecks in most digital computing and signal processing systems, which depends on the word size to be executed. This paper presents three deferent designs for three-operand 4-bit multiplier for positive integer multiplication, and compares them in regard to timing, dynamic power, and area with classical method of multiplication performed on today architects. The three-operand 4-bit multipliers structure introduced, serves as a building block for three-operand multipliers in general

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Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are used to detect light that comes from gamma-ray-initiated showers in the earth's atmosphere. The gains of the PMTs are key to determining the amount of light detected and, subsequently, the energy of the incoming gamma ray. In this thesis, a new method of measuring the gain of a PMT is proposed. It relates the PMT gain to the variance of the PMT signal divided by the average current. The new method is mathematically motivated, tested with a series of experiments, and verified using simulations. In addition, it is compared with an existing method of measuring the gain. The new method is shown to be able to predict the gain to within a constant of multiplication. This constant is intrinsic to each PMT and varies from one PMT to another.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1964. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: l. 62-63.

The design of a system for studying human eyeball movements is presented. The system output provides eyeball location and pupil size in the form of step-wise voltages which are up-dated a minimum of 4000 times per second. Eye movements up to ± 45 degrees in two dimensions can be tracked. The frequency response of the system ensures continuous tracking of all eye movements including the fastest saccades. The method employed is a photoelectric scan which uses feedback to lock onto the pupil and follow its movements. In the final system, this is performed by a scanning photo-multiplier tube which electronically dissects an optical image of the eye. To check the feasibility of the proposed system before the scanning photomultiplier is purchased, the work is performed in two parts: first the circuitry required to perform the scan is developed and tested without the use of a scanning photomultiplier tube; then an experiment is performed which simulates the scanning photomultiplier and enables the over-all system performance to be evaluated. In the first part, a system is constructed which performs similarly to the final system except that the electronic dissection of the image is performed using an oscilloscope in conjunction with a simple photomultiplier instead of the scanning photomultiplier. This "flying-spot system" is used to test the circuitry required to perform the scan: the circuitry proves to be entirely, satisfactory. In the second part, the simulation enables the signal noise ratio of the scanning photomultiplier to be predicted. On the basis of this, a recommendation is made to purchase the scanning photomultiplier and to construct the complete system. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of / Graduate

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