L'estimation des forces musculaires nécessite le développement d'un modèle biomécanique. Une des étapes essentielle de ce type d'approche est la modélisation de l'interaction au sein du complexe muscle-tendon entre trois composants, les fibres musculaires, l'aponévrose et le tendon par un modèle de type Hill. L'objectif de ce travail doctoral était d'identifier les paramètres dans le modèle de type Hill qui jouent un rôle important dans l'estimation des forces musculaires et de proposer une méthode pour les définir. L’échographie a été utilisée pour estimer la relation force-déformation in vivo du tendon et de l'aponévrose, et le comportement in vivo des fibres musculaires au cours de la contraction pour chaque sujet et comme un moyen de quantifier la précision des modèles en mesurant le comportement in vivo des fibres musculaires et les comparer aux sorties du modèle. L'utilisation d'une définition de l'Élément Élastique en série spécifique au sujet dans les modèles biomécaniques joue un rôle important pour des activités où les forces musculaires sont importantes. Lors de tâches isométriques maximales, la relation force-déformation du tendon spécifique au sujet combiné à des contraintes sur la géométrie initiale conduit à des estimations de forces musculaires plus faibles et un comportement différent des fibres. En ce qui concerne des activités comme le hopping et la course, l’utilisation d’une relation force-déformation du complexe tendon-aponévrose spécifique au sujet permet d’estimer des forces musculaires plus grandes et entraîne un découplage du comportement des fibres musculaires plus important par rapport au complexe muscle-tendon. Pour des activités de marche, la définition de l’élément en série dans le modèle de type-Hill n'influence pas les forces musculaires. L'échographie apparaît comme un outil intéressant pour personnaliser les modèles et pourrait être appliqué sur des patients ayant un trouble neuromusculosquelettique. / The estimation of forces produced by the muscle-tendon complex around a joint needs the development of a neuromusculoskeletal model. One of essential step of this approach is the modeling by a Hill-type muscle model of the interaction within the muscle-tendon complex between three components: the muscle fiber, the aponeurosis, and the tendon. The objective of this work was to identify the parameters used as input into Hill-type muscle model that play an important role in muscle force estimation and to propose a method to define them. The ultrasonography has been used to estimate in vivo tendon and aponeurosis force-strain relationships, and the in vivo behavior of muscle fiber during the contraction for each subject. In addition, a method was proposed to quantify the model accuracy by estimating the in vivo behavior of muscle fiber and compare it with model outputs. The use of subject-specific definition of Series Elastic Element into the EMG-driven model plays an important role for activity at high level of muscle forces. During maximal isometric contraction, the subject-specific tendon force-strain relationship combined with constraint on initial muscle geometry (i.e., fiber length and muscle thickness) leads to lower estimated muscle forces and to a different behavior for the muscle fiber. Concerning highly dynamic tasks such as running and \textit{hopping}, the use of subject specific force-strain relationship for the tendon-aponeurosis complex allows to estimate higher muscle forces and leads to a heavier decoupling behavior between muscle fiber and muscle-tendon complex.The estimation of forces produced by the muscle-tendon complex needs the development of a neuromusculoskeletal model. One of essential step of this approach is the modeling by a Hill-type muscle model of the interaction within the muscle-tendon complex between three components: the muscle fiber, the aponeurosis, and the tendon. The objective of this work was to identify the parameters used as input into Hill-type muscle model that play an important role in muscle force estimation and to propose a method to define them. The ultrasonography has been used to estimate in vivo tendon and aponeurosis force-strain relationships, and the in vivo behavior of muscle fiber during the contraction for each subject. In addition, a method was proposed to quantify the model accuracy by estimating the in vivo behavior of muscle fiber and compare it with model outputs. The use of subject-specific definition of Series Elastic Element into the EMG-driven model plays an important role for activity at high level of muscle forces. During maximal isometric contraction, the subject-specific tendon force-strain relationship combined with constraint on initial muscle geometry (fiber length and muscle thickness) leads to lower estimated muscle forces and to a different behavior for the muscle fiber. Concerning highly dynamic tasks such as running and hopping, the use of subject specific force-strain relationship for the tendon-aponeurosis complex allows to estimate higher muscle forces and leads to a heavier decoupling behavior between muscle fiber and muscle-tendon complex. Concerning dynamic tasks with low force level such as walking, the estimation of muscle force was not influenced by the Series Elastic Element definition. The ultrasonography appears as a useful tool to personalize neuromusculoskeletal models and could be used for patient with neuromusculoskeletal disorders showing an alteration of tendon mechanical properties allowing to quantify the effect of rehabilitation program.