[No abstract available] / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

by Siu Wai Chiu. / Bibliography: leaves 70-83 / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1986

Hoi-shan Kwan. / Thesis (M. Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Bibliography: leaves 104-115.

by Law Shui Chee Annie. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-125). / Abstract --- p.i / Abbreviations --- p.iii / List of Figures --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.vi / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background of Pleurotus pulmonarius --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Taxonomy and classification --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Life cycle --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Marketing value --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Nutritional content --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2 --- Background of calcium --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Calcium requirements for human --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The biological role of calcium --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Calcium as a regulator --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Binding of calcium --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Uptake of calcium --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- Calcium transport --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.7 --- Application of calcium on mushroom cultivation --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.8 --- Calcium effect on mushroom --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3 --- Background of manganese --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- The biological role of manganese --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Uptake of manganese --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Manganese requirements of humans --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Manganese deficiency --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Use of manganese --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.6 --- Influence of pH on manganese toxicity --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.7 --- Effects of manganese on enzymes --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.8 --- Application of manganese on mushroom cultivation --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4 --- Purpose of Study --- p.19 / Chapter 2. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1 --- Organisms --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2 --- Maintenance of cultures --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3 --- Identification of two strains --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Determination of growth rate --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Arbitrarily-primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Mating type reaction --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4 --- Effect of different concentrations of calcium and manganese on the life cycle of the fungi --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Spore germination --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Preparation of mycelium homogenate --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Vegetative growth --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Fruiting initiation --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Fruiting --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Fruiting yield (Biological efficiency) --- p.32 / Chapter 3. --- RESULTS --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1 --- Identification of two strains --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Determination of growth rate --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Fruitbody morphology --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Mating type reaction --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2 --- Effect of calcium and manganese on the life cycle of the fungus --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Spore germination --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Vegetative growth --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Fruiting initiation in vitro --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Fruiting --- p.58 / Chapter 4. --- DISCUSSION --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1 --- Effects of calcium and manganese on spore germination --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2 --- Effects of calcium and manganese on vegetative growth --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Biomass study --- p.97 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Glucose utilization --- p.99 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Protein secretion --- p.99 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Orthophosphate utilization --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Ammonia content study --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Metal content study --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3 --- Effects of calcium and manganese on fruiting initiation --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effects of calcium and manganese on fruiting --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Fruiting yield (biological efficiency) --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Metal content in fruitbodies --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- "Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur contents in fruitbodies" --- p.111 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Amino acid content in fruitbodies --- p.114 / Chapter 4.5 --- Response of different stages towards metals --- p.115 / Chapter 5. --- CONCLUSION --- p.116 / Chapter 6. --- REFERENCES --- p.117 / Chapter 7. --- APPENDIX --- p.126 / Chapter 7.1 --- Preparation of reagents for determination of orthophosphate content --- p.126 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Stock standard 100.0 mg P/L --- p.126 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Working stock standard solution 10.0 mg P/L --- p.126 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- Stock ammonium molybdate solution --- p.126 / Chapter 7.1.4 --- Stock antimony potassium tartrate solution --- p.126 / Chapter 7.1.5 --- Molybdate color reagent --- p.126 / Chapter 7.1.6 --- Ascorbic acid reducing solution --- p.127 / Chapter 7.1.7 --- Sodium hydroxide-EDTA rinse --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2 --- Preparation of reagents for determination of ammonia content --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Stock standard 100.0 mgN/L as NH3 in 2 M KC1 --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Working standards --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Potassium chloride and standards diluent --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2.4 --- EDTA solution --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2.5 --- Buffer --- p.127 / Chapter 7.2.6 --- Salicylate-nitroprusside color reagent recipe --- p.128 / Chapter 7.2.7 --- Hypochlorite reagent --- p.128

by Ching Mei Lun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-145). / List of Tables --- p.I / List of Figures --- p.III / Abbreviations --- p.VII / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Present situation of municipal solid wastes in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Landfill in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Landfill leachate --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Generation --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Quality --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- Environmental hazard --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.1.4 --- Treatment --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.1.5 --- Other alternatives --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3 --- Spent mushroom compost --- p.27 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Production and nature --- p.27 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Availability --- p.29 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Physical and chemical properties --- p.31 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Capabilities to degrade phenolic compounds --- p.31 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Potential uses --- p.37 / Chapter 1.4 --- Proposal and exp erimental plan --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2 --- Physical and chemical analyses of pollutants --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- Basic studies on removal capacities on potential pollutants --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- "Removal of dyes, metals and ammonia" --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Removal of pentachlorophenol --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4 --- Applied studies on removal of pollutants --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Treatment of landfill leachate --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Microcosm to examine the decomposition of refuse --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Phytotoxicity --- p.65 / Chapter 2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1 --- Characterization of spent mushroom compost and landfill leachate --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2 --- Removal capacities of spent mushroom compost --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Biosorption of dyes --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Evercion yellow --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Evercion navy H-ER blue --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Congo red --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Adsorption isotherm --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Biosorption of metals --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Lead --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Iron --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Cadmium --- p.82 / Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Adsorption isotherm --- p.82 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Removal of ammonia --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Basic study --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Applied removal of ammonia from landfill leachate --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.3.2.1 --- Effect of indigenous micro-organims in landfill leachate --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.3.2.2 --- Effect of spent mushroom compost and glucose --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.3.2.3 --- Effect of sugar cane waste extract --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.3.2.4 --- Effect of sugar cane waste and concentration of glucose --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Removal of pentachlorophenol --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Removal by spent mushroom compost --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Identification of two spent mushroom compost micro-organisms --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Pentachlorophenol-degrading abilities of the two micro-organisms --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- A microcosm to examine the decomposition of refuse --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.5.1 --- pH --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.5.2 --- Salinity --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.5.3 --- Turbidity --- p.103 / Chapter 3.2.5.4 --- Ammonia content --- p.103 / Chapter 3.2.5.5 --- Orthophosphate content --- p.106 / Chapter 3.2.5.6 --- "Inorganic, organic and total carbon contents" --- p.106 / Chapter 3.2.5.7 --- Metals --- p.106 / Chapter 3.2.5.8 --- Gases production --- p.112 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Phytotoxicity --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.117 / Chapter 4.1 --- Characterization of the spent mushroom compost --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2 --- Removal abilities of pollutants by the spent mushroom compost --- p.119 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Metals and dyes --- p.119 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Adsorption --- p.119 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Adsorption specificity --- p.123 / Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- Adsorption isotherm --- p.125 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Pentachlorophenol --- p.127 / Chapter 4.3 --- Decomposition of refuse --- p.129 / Chapter 4.4 --- Removal of ammonia in landfill leachate --- p.132 / Chapter 4.5 --- Phytotoxicity --- p.133 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.135 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Reference --- p.137 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Appendix --- p.146

by Lau Wing Chung. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1985 / Bibliography: leaves 209-236

Vast- quantities of lignocellulosic materials, representing potential substrates for the cultivation of speciality mushrooms, are produced annually in South Africa. A number of these materials are derived as waste products of the timber and agricultural industries, e.g. Maranti (Shorea spp.) and Port Jackson Willow (Acacia longifolia) respectively. The screening of various wood-degrading fungi, which are cultivated worldwide for their production of speciality mushrooms, indicated that under the environmental conditions considered, certain species were adapted to cultivation on these lignocellulosic wastes (Pleurotus species) whereas others were not (Lentinus edodes and Flammulina velutipes). Furthermore, intra- and interspecies specific differences in the growth and production potential of the various lignocellulolytic fungi investigated on synthetic and natural medium were discovered. Biochemical and genetical investigations of these strains indicated differences between and within species which were often significant. Species varied qualitatively and quantitatively in the lignocellulolytic enzymes produced, which was loosely correlated with productivity on the different media investigated. Genetical studies, using RAPD fingerprinting, indicated that the Pleurotus genus is highly variable which supports the observed differences in growth, yield and enzymatic activity between different strains and species.

Orientador: Meire Cristina Nogueira de Andrade / Coorientador: Leonardo de Barros Pinto / Banca: Geisiany Maria de Queiroz-Fernandes / Banca: Jose Raimundo de Souza Passos / Resumo: O cultivo de cogumelos comestíveis, como o Pleurotus ostreatus (shimeji), vêm se expandindo no Brasil devido as suas características nutricionais, medicinais e possibilidade de empregar técnicas rústicas para o seu cultivo. Um dos fatores que influenciam este cultivo é a qualidade do inóculo. Alguns produtores acreditam que as sucessivas repicagens de um micélio resultam em perda de vigor e consequente queda na produtividade, porém a literatura carece de informações referentes a essa questão. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade, expressa pela perda de matéria orgânica, massa do basidioma fresco, eficiência biológica, número de cachos, atividade enzimática e caracterização química do substrato do inóculo de P. ostreatus em função de repicagens sucessivas, em três linhagens diferentes (SB, MB e CP3), cada qual com quatro tratamentos (I1, I2, I3 e I4, correspondendo aos inóculos repicados sucesssivamente), bem como analisar o processo de produção de inóculo e sua sustentabilidade sob o ponto de vista emergético. A linhagem SB apresentou os melhores resultados de produtividade, com uma massa média de 513 g, as linhagens MB e CP3 não diferiram estatisticamente entre si quanto à produtividade, com massa média de 371 g e 310 g, respectivamente. A linhagem CP3 produziu cogumelos maiores que as demais, com uma massa média de 278 g por cacho, enquanto a linhagem SB obteve uma massa média de 218 g por cacho e a linhagem MB 185 g por cacho. As repicagens suces... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The cultivation of edible mushrooms, such as the Pleurotus ostreatus (shimeji), has been expanding in Brazil due to its nutritional and medicinal characteristics, as well as the possibility of employing rustic techniques for its cultivation. One of the factors that influence this cultivation is the quality of the spawn. Some producers believe that the successive multiplications of the mycelium results in a loss of vigor and consequently a decline in productivity, however the literature lacks information regarding this issue. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity, expressed by the loss of organic matter, fresh basidioma mass, biological efficiency, number of fruiting bodies, enzymatic activity and chemical characterization of the substrate of the Pleurotus ostreatus spawn as a function of successive multiplications, in three different strains (SB, MB and CP3), each with four treatments (I1, I2, I3 and I4, corresponding to the successively multiplied spawns), as well as to analyse the spawn production process and its sustainability under the emergetic point of view. The SB strain presented the best productivity results, with an average mass of 513 g, the MB and CP3 strains did not differ statistically among each other regarding productivity, with an average mass of 371 g and 310 g, respectively. The CP3 strain resulted in larger mushrooms than the others, with an average mass of 278 g per bunch, whereas the SB strain resulted in a mass of 218 g per bunch and the MB strain resulted in 185 g per bunch. The successive multiplications did not affect the size of the mushrooms. The spawns presented a similar behaviour on the substrate according to the data of enzymatic activity and chemical characterization of the substrate, indicating that the successive multiplications did not affect the behaviour of the fungi on the substrate. The data suggests that until the fifth ... / Mestre

Orientador: Meire Cristina Nogueira de Andrade / Banca: Erika Fujita / Banca: Marta Helena Fillet Spoto / Banca: Vera Lucia Mores Rall / Banca: Maria Evangelina de Camargo / Resumo: O consumo de alimentos alternativos à carne, ricos em proteínas e fibras dietéticas além de baixo teor de calorias e lipídeos como os cogumelos, cresceu em uma base global com aumento da preocupação pública sobre as questões alimentares e de saúde. Apesar do crescimento mundial, no Brasil o consumo de cogumelos ainda é baixo devido a fatores culturais relacionados a falta de conhecimento no preparo para consumo. Assim, o trabalho teve como objetivo geral desenvolver um produto alternativo ao hambúrguer convencional, à base de cogumelos frescos do gênero Pleurotus, denominado FUNGIBURGER, e comparar com amostras de hambúrguer de carne bovina (HAMBURGER) e amostras de hambúrguer de carne de soja (SOJABURGUER) adquiridos nos mercados locais . Através das análises microbiológicas o FUNGIBURGER mostrou-se seguro para o consumo. As maiores médias para aceitabilidade global (7,7a), intenção de compra (4,3a) e ordenação de preferência (233a) foram obtidas pelo FUNGIBURGER, seguidas pelas amostras de HAMBURGER (7,3a ; 2,9b; 260a ) e SOJABURGER (5,8b; 2,7c; 407b). Nota-se alta correlação entre as frequências dos resultados observados para a amostra de FUNGIBURGER e preferência IDEAL, sendo aspecto macio (75 e 80%), sabor bem temperado (72 e 69%), saboroso (60 e 61%), sabor de cogumelo (59 e 51%), sabor agradável (58 e 54%), cor boa (56 e 30%), aspecto rugoso (52 e 55%), suculento (35 e 41%), bem passado (29 e 37%), cor escura (27 e 37%). Em relação a composição química, após o preparo, o FUNGIBURGER apresentou os maiores teores de umidade (62,2%) e fibra bruta (3,3%); os menores teores de proteína bruta (8,3%) e va lor ca lórico tota l (114,0Kcal/ 56g); teores intermediários de lipídeos (14,0%) e carboidratos tota is (11,1). O ma iores teores de lipídeos, carboidratos totais e valor calórico total... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The consumption of alternative foods, rich in protein and dietary fiber as well as low in calories and lipids like mushrooms, grown on a global scale with increasing public concern about food and health issues. Despite the global growth, the consumption of mushrooms is still low in Brazil due to cultural factors related to lack of knowledge in cooking procedures for consumption. Thus, the work aimed to develop an alternative product to conventional hamburger, based on fresh Oyster mushrooms (FUNGIBURGER) and compare with beef burger samples (HAMBURGER) and soya burger samples (SOJABURGUER) purchased in local markets at Botucatu, SP. Through microbiological analyzes the FUNGIBURGER was safe for consumption. The highest average for overall acceptability (7,7a), purchase intent (4,3a) and preference order (233a ) were obtained by FUNGIBURGER, followed by HAMBURGER (7,3a ; 2,9b; 260a ) and SOJABURGER (5,8b; 2,7c; 407b) samples. It was observed a high correlation between the frequency of the results observed for the sample FUNGIBURGER and IDEAL preference for soft appearance (75 and 80%), mild taste (72 and 69%), savory (60 and 61%), mushroom flavour (59 and 51%), plea s ant ta s te (58 and 54%), good color (56 and 3 0%), rough exterior (5 2 and 5 5%), juicy (3 5 and 4 1%), well done (29 and 37%), da rk (27 and 37%). Regarding the chemical compos ition, after cooking the FUNGIBURGER showed the highest moisture content (62.2%) and crude fiber (3 .3%); the lower crude protein (8.3%) and total caloric value (114,0Kcal / 56g); intermediate levels of lipids (14.0%) and total carbohydrates (11.1). The higher lipid content, total carbohydrates and total energy intake were observed in HAMBURGER (19.7% and 155,4Kcal / 56g) and SOJABURGER (36.9% and 174,2Kca l / 56g) samples after cooking respectively. Through the sensory results... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador Meire Cristina Nogueira de Andrade / Banca: Eduardo Bagagli / Banca: Adriana Zanin Kronka / Banca: Edson Luiz Furtado / Banca: Geysiany Maria de Queiroz-Fernandes / Resumo: Entre os cogumelos cultivados comercialmente, destacam-se o Agaricus bisporus e Pleurotus ostreatus (cogumelo ostra). A preparação do substrato de cultivo é a etapa mais crítica da produção, determinante para a produtividade e custos de produção. O método de preparo do substrato mais utilizado pela indústria de cogumelos é a compostagem curta, seguida de pasteurização e condicionamento. Como ponto chave da compostagem, a comunidade microbiana tem papel fundamental no processo, conferindo seletividade final do substrato de cultivo e, consequentemente, a produtividade. Desta forma, avaliou-se, o manejo da compostagem (tempo de compostagem e temperatura de pasteurização) e o efeito sob a comunidade microbiana, composição final do substrato e produtividade de cogumelos. Para isto, foram realizados três experimentos. Nos experimentos 1 e 2, avaliou-se a influência do tempo de compostagem (fases I e II), a comunidade microbiana (bactérias e fungos), variáveis físico-químicas, produtividade, número de cachos e precocidade do cogumelo P. ostreatus. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o manejo da compostagem influenciou a comunidade microbiana e, consequentemente, a seletividade final do substrato de cultivo, com reflexos na produtividade e número de cachos. A comunidade microbiana apresentou menor diversidade na compostagem com menor duração e, menor perda de carbono, nitrogênio e açúcares solúveis, resultando em substrato mais seletivo ao cogumelo P. ostreatus, demostrando melhores resultados de produtividade. No experimento 3, avaliaram-se, a comunidade microbiana e indicadores químicos do composto final, em diferentes situações de pasteurização durante a preparação do substrato para o cultivo do cogumelo A. bisporus. Para isto, foram simuladas em biorreatores três diferentes situações de pasteurização (57°C por 6 horas, 60°C por 2 horas e 68°C por 2 horas). ... / Abstract: Among many commercial mushrooms cultivated, Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) are the most important for mushroom industry. The cultivation substrate preparation is the most critical step in mushroom production, determining productivity and production costs. The substrate preparation method most used by mushroom industry is short composting, followed by pasteurization and conditioning. As key point of composting, microbial community plays an important role during the process, determining final substrate selectivity and mushroom yield. Thus, aimed evaluate the influence of composting management (composting time and pasteurization temperature) in microbial community, final substrate composition and mushroom yield. For this, were conducted three experiments. In experiments 1 and 2 were evaluated the influence of composting time (phases I and II), microbial community (bacteria and fungi), physicochemical variables and P. ostreatus yield. The results showed that composting management (time of phases I and II) influenced the microbial community, substrate selectivity and consequently mushroom yield and number of cluster. The microbial community showed less diversity in composting with shorter duration, as well as the losses of carbon, nitrogen and soluble sugars, showing higher selectivity of substrate for P. ostreatus, as observed in yield results. In experiment 3, were evaluated the microbial community (bacteria and fungi) and some physiochemical variables in different pasteurization conditions during substrate preparation for A. bisporus cultivation. Were simulated in bioreactors three different pasteurization conditions (57°C for 6 hours, 60°C for 2 hours and 68°C for 2 hours). The sequencing of microbial community revealed the predominance of phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes during phase I and II composting, respectively. The most abundant bacterial genera were ... / Doutor