Esse estudo examina criticamente uma série de práticas sonoras e musicais que tiram proveito das redes de informação para elaborar contextos de colaboração. Essas praticas dão lugar a um repertório de obras (composições, performances, sites, instalações entre outros), denominado durante o trabalho como Network Music. Os trabalhos podem ser localizados entre a segunda metade da década de 1990 e o final da década de 2000, no entanto uma série de antecedentes musicais são também discutidos. O repertório não se distingue por obedecer a um estilo ou linguagem musical particular, mas por fortalecer e reformular os vínculos tradicionais entre compositores, intérpretes, ouvintes através de conexões eletrônicas. O objeto de estudo é abordado de quatro perspectivas diferentes. O primeiro capítulo aborda aspectos teóricos confrontando conceitos vigentes na música do século XX com modalidades de comunicação em Internet. O imediatismo é proposto como elemento de coesão de conceitos como ao vivo e comunicação online. O segundo capítulo examina o repertório de trabalhos musicais em Internet, enfatizando aspectos incorporados da produção da Arte das Telecomunicações. São identificadas duas vertentes na produção de Network Music, segundo a acentuação de aspectos comunicacionais e composicionais. O levantamento apresentado discute estratégias e metodologias de criação musical dentro de configurações de interação remota enfatizando o tema da distância. O terceiro capítulo cobre aspectos de performance e se concentra no tema da colaboração. Conceitos, recursos e metodologias de trabalho musical com as redes digitais são sugeridos ao intérprete que pretende realizar performances com parceiros remotos através da Internet. No quarto capítulo é discutido o projeto NetConcert, realizado ao longo da pesquisa no seio do grupo Mobile da ECA/USP / This survey critically looks at a series of sound and musical practices that take advantage of information networks to create collaborative contexts. These practices give rise to a repertoire of works (compositions, performances, websites, installations among others) called Network Music. These works can be located between the late 1990s and the late 2000s; however, a number of musical antecedents are also discussed. The repertoire is distinguished by not following a particular style or musical language, but by strengthening and reshaping the traditional links among composers, performers and listeners through electronic connections. Network Music practices are covered in four different parts. The first chapter deals with theoretical aspects confronting current concepts in twentieth-century music with modes of communication on the Internet. Immediacy is proposed as a cohesive element that gathers concepts such as live and online. The second chapter part examines the repertoire of musical works on the Internet, highlighting some aspects incorporated from Art-Telecom productions. Two strands are identified in producing Network Music, according to the emphasis on communication or compositional aspects. The text discusses strategies and methods for music creation within remote interaction settings enphasizing the subject of distance. The third chapter covers musical performance aspects and focuses on the topic of collaboration. Concepts, resources and methodologies are suggested to the musician who intends to accomplish performances with remote partners via the Internet. The final chapter discusses the NetConcert project carried out during the research period as a member of the ECA/USP Mobile group.

Esse estudo examina criticamente uma série de práticas sonoras e musicais que tiram proveito das redes de informação para elaborar contextos de colaboração. Essas praticas dão lugar a um repertório de obras (composições, performances, sites, instalações entre outros), denominado durante o trabalho como Network Music. Os trabalhos podem ser localizados entre a segunda metade da década de 1990 e o final da década de 2000, no entanto uma série de antecedentes musicais são também discutidos. O repertório não se distingue por obedecer a um estilo ou linguagem musical particular, mas por fortalecer e reformular os vínculos tradicionais entre compositores, intérpretes, ouvintes através de conexões eletrônicas. O objeto de estudo é abordado de quatro perspectivas diferentes. O primeiro capítulo aborda aspectos teóricos confrontando conceitos vigentes na música do século XX com modalidades de comunicação em Internet. O imediatismo é proposto como elemento de coesão de conceitos como ao vivo e comunicação online. O segundo capítulo examina o repertório de trabalhos musicais em Internet, enfatizando aspectos incorporados da produção da Arte das Telecomunicações. São identificadas duas vertentes na produção de Network Music, segundo a acentuação de aspectos comunicacionais e composicionais. O levantamento apresentado discute estratégias e metodologias de criação musical dentro de configurações de interação remota enfatizando o tema da distância. O terceiro capítulo cobre aspectos de performance e se concentra no tema da colaboração. Conceitos, recursos e metodologias de trabalho musical com as redes digitais são sugeridos ao intérprete que pretende realizar performances com parceiros remotos através da Internet. No quarto capítulo é discutido o projeto NetConcert, realizado ao longo da pesquisa no seio do grupo Mobile da ECA/USP / This survey critically looks at a series of sound and musical practices that take advantage of information networks to create collaborative contexts. These practices give rise to a repertoire of works (compositions, performances, websites, installations among others) called Network Music. These works can be located between the late 1990s and the late 2000s; however, a number of musical antecedents are also discussed. The repertoire is distinguished by not following a particular style or musical language, but by strengthening and reshaping the traditional links among composers, performers and listeners through electronic connections. Network Music practices are covered in four different parts. The first chapter deals with theoretical aspects confronting current concepts in twentieth-century music with modes of communication on the Internet. Immediacy is proposed as a cohesive element that gathers concepts such as live and online. The second chapter part examines the repertoire of musical works on the Internet, highlighting some aspects incorporated from Art-Telecom productions. Two strands are identified in producing Network Music, according to the emphasis on communication or compositional aspects. The text discusses strategies and methods for music creation within remote interaction settings enphasizing the subject of distance. The third chapter covers musical performance aspects and focuses on the topic of collaboration. Concepts, resources and methodologies are suggested to the musician who intends to accomplish performances with remote partners via the Internet. The final chapter discusses the NetConcert project carried out during the research period as a member of the ECA/USP Mobile group.

This paper presents MusiCushions, a set of interactive sofa cushions used as an interface to music. Built on physical affordances of sofa cushions and e-textile technology, the artefact is used to explore how an e-textile interface can be used for music interaction at home. Challenges in prototyping e-textile interfaces would also be identified. Three cushions are prototyped with off-the-shelf e-textile and electronic components: in one cushion, its case is explored as an interactive surface; another cushion explores the softness and how it can be easily pressed; and the last cushion explores its portability. The set is then mapped to music interaction in two scenarios: as a remote control to a music player and as a musical instrument to control a synthesizer. Evaluation is conducted in two focus group discussions involving students in Media Technology. It is concluded that MusiCushions could be received as a new way to control media such as music player at home, with broader possible use to interact with other services and objects. As a musical instrument, however, it might not be accepted due to the lack of precision control. / Den här studien handlar om MusiCushions, ett set med interaktiva soffkuddar som används som ett gränssnitt för interaktion med musik. De är utvecklade baserat på soffkuddars fysiska affordances och teknologier för e-textil och används för att undersöka hur ett e-textilt gränssnitt kan användas för att interagera med musik i hemmet. Utmaningar som kan komma att uppstå när man utvecklar ett gränssnitt av e-textil är också identifierade. Tre soffkuddar utvecklades med off-the-shelf elektronik och komponenter för e-textil: en kudde undersöker möjligheten att använda dess fodral som en interaktiv yta; en annan undersöker kuddens fysiska egenskaper, att den är mjuk och enkelt kan pressas ihop, medan den tredje är baserad på att den är enkel att flytta runt. Kuddarna är sedan mappade till två olika scenarier där man interagerar med musik: som en kontroll att styra musik med och som ett musikaliskt instrument. Kuddarna är sedan testade i två olika fokusgrupper där studenter från medieteknik deltar. Av denna studie kan slutsatsen dras att MusiCushions kan användas som ett nytt sätt att kontrollera musik på och det finns även möjlighet att integrera dem med andra tjänster och objekt. Däremot är de inte uppskattade som ett musikaliskt instrument, då interaktionen med det textila gränssnittet saknar precision.

Cette recherche porte un regard critique sur les interfaces de spatialisation sonore et positionne la composition de musique spatiale, un champ d’étude en musique, à l’avant plan d’une recherche en design. Il détaille l’approche de recherche qui est centrée sur le processus de composition de musique spatiale et les modèles mentaux de compositeurs électroacoustiques afin de livrer des recommandations de design pour le développement d’une interface de spatialisation musicale nommée Centor. Cette recherche montre qu’un processus de design mené à l’intersection du design d’interface, du design d’interaction et de la théorie musicale peut mener à une proposition pertinente et innovatrice pour chacun des domaines d’étude. Nous présentons la recherche et le développement du concept de spatialisation additive, une méthode de spatialisation sonore par patrons qui applique le vocabulaire spectromorphologique de Denis Smalley. C’est un concept d’outil de spatialisation pour le studio qui complémente les interfaces de composition actuelles et ouvre un nouveau champ de possibilités pour l’exploration spatiale en musique électroacoustique. La démarche de recherche présentée ici se veut une contribution au domaine du design d’interfaces musicales, spécifiquement les interfaces de spatialisation, mais propose aussi un processus de design pour la création d’interfaces numériques d’expression artistique. / This research takes a critical look at current sound spatialisation interfaces and places spatial music composition, traditionally studied in music research, at the forefront of a research in design. This thesis presents a research approach focused on understanding the spatial composition process and mental models of electroacoustic music composers in order to build a design brief for a new sound spatialisation software tool : Centor. This research combines the study of interface and interaction design with music theory in order to generate an innovative sound spatialisation method that is meaningful from both an interaction design and musical standpoint. We present the research and development process of additive spatialisation: a pattern based method that integrates aspects of spectromorphology, developed by Denis Smalley. The proposed spatilisation tool for in studio work is meant to complement current digital audio workstations and to offer new opportunities for spatial sound exploration in electroacoustic music. This work is a contribution to the field of new musical interface design, specifically for spatialisation but also, more broadly, suggests a design process that could be used for the creation of new digital tools for artistic expression.