Duo Chopinesque by Michael Hennagin and Chameleon Music by Dan Welcher represent two of the most significant percussion ensemble compositions written in the last twenty years. Both works are written for the mostly mallet type of percussion ensemble wherein the keyboard instruments predominate. However, the most unique aspect of these two pieces is their use of musical quotation. Duo Chopinesque borrows Chopin's Prelude in E minor in its entirety, while Chameleon Music borrows portions from four Mozart Sonatas. This paper places each work within the history of the percussion ensemble, and in the larger history of musical quotation in the twentieth century. In addition, the compositional characteristics of both works are examined with particular emphasis on each composer's use of borrowed material from the music of Mozart and Chopin. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between quoted material and newly composed rhythmic motives.

Este trabalho consiste na análise de três peças que se utilizam da citação musical de maneiras distintas. Ele é, portanto, um estudo a respeito da utilização da citação musical na linguagem musical erudita e suas implicações a partir do século XX. Nossa estratégia consistiu inicialmente em definirmos melhor nosso campo de estudos por meio da observação das especificidades da citação na linguagem musical. A partir daí, são propostos três tipos de citação que serão avaliados nas três peças principais que compõe este trabalho, a citação alusiva, a citação temática, e a citação em colagens. Alguns exemplos musicais que se enquadrariam nos respectivos tipos de citação são elencados com o objetivo de ilustra-los. A seguir, damos continuidade ao trabalho através da investigação da situação da música ocidental a partir do século XX, destacando a forma como o recurso à citação musical se insere neste contexto. Então, partimos para a análise das peças. A primeira peça se chama Phorion, do compositor Lukas Foss, e é um exemplo de utilização da citação em colagens; a segunda é a peça Dream-Images do ciclo Makrokosmos de George Crumb, que contém uma citação alusiva; e a última é o Prelúdio para piano de Willy Corrêa de Oliveira que se utiliza da citação temática. Desta maneira, pretendemos mostrar não apenas algumas formas de utilização da citação musical a partir do século XX, mas sua relevância no contexto artístico atual. / The present work consists of the analysis of three pieces that make use of musical quotations in different ways. It is therefore a study regarding the use of musical quotation in classical music language and its implications from the twentieth century on. Firstly we define our field of study through an examination of the characteristics of quotation in musical language. At this point, we propose three types of musical quotation that will be evaluated in the three main pieces analyzed in this work, allusive quotation, thematic quotation and quotation in collages. Some examples of music that would fit in these types of quotation are listed in order to illustrate them. Next, we continue the work through the investigation of Western music situation from the twentieth century on, emphasizing how the use of musical quotation is related with this context. After that, we proceed to the analysis of the pieces. The first piece is called Phorion, by the composer Lukas Foss, and is an example of the use of quotation in collages, the second piece is called Dream Images from the cycle Makrokosmos by George Crumb, which contains an allusive quotation, and the last piece is the Piano Prelude by Willy Correa de Oliveira who uses the thematic quotation. Our primary goal is not just showing a few uses of musical quotation from the twentieth century on, but to assess its relevance in the present artistic scenery.

Este trabalho consiste na análise de três peças que se utilizam da citação musical de maneiras distintas. Ele é, portanto, um estudo a respeito da utilização da citação musical na linguagem musical erudita e suas implicações a partir do século XX. Nossa estratégia consistiu inicialmente em definirmos melhor nosso campo de estudos por meio da observação das especificidades da citação na linguagem musical. A partir daí, são propostos três tipos de citação que serão avaliados nas três peças principais que compõe este trabalho, a citação alusiva, a citação temática, e a citação em colagens. Alguns exemplos musicais que se enquadrariam nos respectivos tipos de citação são elencados com o objetivo de ilustra-los. A seguir, damos continuidade ao trabalho através da investigação da situação da música ocidental a partir do século XX, destacando a forma como o recurso à citação musical se insere neste contexto. Então, partimos para a análise das peças. A primeira peça se chama Phorion, do compositor Lukas Foss, e é um exemplo de utilização da citação em colagens; a segunda é a peça Dream-Images do ciclo Makrokosmos de George Crumb, que contém uma citação alusiva; e a última é o Prelúdio para piano de Willy Corrêa de Oliveira que se utiliza da citação temática. Desta maneira, pretendemos mostrar não apenas algumas formas de utilização da citação musical a partir do século XX, mas sua relevância no contexto artístico atual. / The present work consists of the analysis of three pieces that make use of musical quotations in different ways. It is therefore a study regarding the use of musical quotation in classical music language and its implications from the twentieth century on. Firstly we define our field of study through an examination of the characteristics of quotation in musical language. At this point, we propose three types of musical quotation that will be evaluated in the three main pieces analyzed in this work, allusive quotation, thematic quotation and quotation in collages. Some examples of music that would fit in these types of quotation are listed in order to illustrate them. Next, we continue the work through the investigation of Western music situation from the twentieth century on, emphasizing how the use of musical quotation is related with this context. After that, we proceed to the analysis of the pieces. The first piece is called Phorion, by the composer Lukas Foss, and is an example of the use of quotation in collages, the second piece is called Dream Images from the cycle Makrokosmos by George Crumb, which contains an allusive quotation, and the last piece is the Piano Prelude by Willy Correa de Oliveira who uses the thematic quotation. Our primary goal is not just showing a few uses of musical quotation from the twentieth century on, but to assess its relevance in the present artistic scenery.

Christopher Rouse (b. 1949), winner of the Pulitzer Prize for his Trombone Concerto (1993) and a Grammy award for his Concerto de Gaudi (1999), has come to the forefront as one of America's most prominent orchestral composers. Several of Rouse's works feature quotations of and strong allusions to other composers' works that are used both rhetorically and structurally. These borrowings range from a variety of different genres and styles of works, from Claudio Monteverdi's L'incoronazione di Poppea to Jay Ferguson's "Thunder Island." Due to the more accessible filtering and funneling methods of musical borrowings (proliferation of mass media), the weighty discourses attached to them, and their variety of functions (critiquing canons, engaging in an allusive tradition, etc.), quotation has become elevated to the most prominent of musical actors that trigger narrative listening strategies, which in turn have a stronger role in the formation of narratives about music as well as narratives of music. The primary aim of this study is to adapt and apply more recent methodological narrativity frameworks to selected instrumental compositions by Rouse containing quotations, suggesting that their manner of insertion, their method of disclosure, and their referential potential can benefit from being examined through various narrative lenses as well as reveal their participation in certain roles of narrative functions. For this study, I have chosen six instrumental works by Rouse for examination - the Violoncello Concerto, Symphony No. 1, Iscariot, String Quartet No. 2, Seeing, and Thunderstuck. On a more specific level, the aim of this study is to investigate the manner, meaning, and motive of the quoted material in a select group of Rouse's compositions through various narratological lenses. To accomplish this, I intend 1) to establish a context for understanding the musical borrowing procedures of Rouse; 2) to explore how works containing quotations can be examined through various narrativity frameworks; 3) to inspect the ways in which borrowings can enhance or clarify the structural design and stylistic musical features for which he is known; 4) to investigate the various meanings that are generated from his borrowings; 5) to consider the extent to which Rouse's musical borrowings comment on various discourses, and 6) to examine the psychological needs of certain narratives triggered by quotation and the various questions they pose. This study does not attempt to systematically unify the works of Rouse that contain borrowings under a kind of "grand theory" in narrativity or borrowing studies, but rather to examine each work individually, noting the particular roles that borrowings play in regards to narratives of and about music. Fundamentally, I claim that narrativizing about music is a foundational psychological and social impulse, aiding to serve our curiosities about music's otherness qualities. Using both narratives of and about music to frame analyses, I hope to make a small contribution to the growing methodological frameworks of narrativity by featuring works containing borrowings by one individual composer, suggesting that other comprehensive approaches in borrowing studies can used for future composers.

This document accompanies and explains the concepts used in the development of the composition, East is East, and West is West, (and Never the Twain Shall Meet). The process for generation and development of much of the musical content of the composition East is East, and West is West, (and Never the Twain Shall Meet) is the use of quoted musical materials. The second process, but equally as important, for development of the composition relies heavily on the idea of parallel development of modular ensembles and how the interactions created between them by sharing instrumentation can be a tool for development, as well as a challenge to the development of each module. Each module has an influence on at least one other module and is also influenced by at least one other module, creating a puzzle of interactions that must be navigated carefully when generating each individually. Both quotation and modularity are concepts employed by other composers, so this document also briefly explains how other composers have approached these concepts in their works in order to establish a historical relationship within the canon of western classical music to East is East, and West is West, (and Never the Twain Shall Meet).