Musiek was geen vreemde verskynsel in die Ou Testament en antieke Nabye Ooste nie. Om die waarheid te sê was musiek en die instrumente wat gebruik was om musiek te maak, deel van elke volk binne die antieke Nabye Ooste en nou vervleg met hul kultuur en godsdiensverering. Verskeie vorme van musiek soos sang, dans, orkesmusiek en musikale instruksie was algemeen bekend asook `n hele aantal musiekinstrumente, waar onder snaar-, wind- en perkussie-instrumente tel. Van hierdie drie kategorieë waarin antieke musiekinstrumente ingedeel is, was sommige meer en ander minder populer. Die vraag ontstaan watter musiekinstrumente dan die mees populerste was en waarom? En het hierdie musiekinstrumente dieselfde prominensie in die Ou Testament gehad? Die bekendste volke van die antieke Nabye Ooste word bestudeer ten einde te verstaan watter rol musiek binne hul onderskeie kulture gespeel het, asook watter musiekinstrumente die meeste aandag geniet het. Op dieselfde wyse word gekyk na die Israeliete binne die konteks van die Ou Testament met spesifieke verwysing na musiek en musiekinstrumente binne die Psalmbundel. Argeologiese en ikonografiese voorstellings word gebruik om `n beter prentjie te skets van hoe musiekinstrumente gelyk het en hoe die antieke mens musiek gemaak het. Die frekwensie van voorkoms van musiekinstrumente binne die Ou Testament en Psalms word uitgewys ten einde die mees prominente instrumente te identifiseer. Uit bogenoemde word dit duidelik dat die ramshoring, harp en lier die belangrikste musiekinstrumente binne die konteks van die Ou Testament (en meeste volke van die antieke Nabye Ooste) was en dat die ramshoring die meeste in oorlog en aanbidding gebruik was. ENGLISH : Music was no strange phenomenon in the Old Testament and ancient Near East. To be honest music and the instruments used to make music formed part of every nation of the ancient Near East and were very much part of their culture and worship practices. Various forms of music, i.e. singing, dancing, orchestral music and musical instruction was generally known, as well as a whole lot of musical instruments, which included string-, wind- and percussion-instruments. Of these three categories in which ancient musical instruments were divided, some were more and others less popular. The question is then raised which of these musical instruments were the most popular ones and why? And did these instruments enjoy the same prominence in the Old Testament? The most well-known nations of the ancient Near East is studied in order to understand the roll which music played in each nation, as well as which musical instruments enjoyed the most attention. In the same manner the Israelites is studied in the context of the Old Testament with specific reference to the music and musical instruments in the Psalms. Archeological and iconographical representations are used to create a better picture of how musical instruments looked and how the ancient people made music. The frequency in which musical instruments are mentioned in the Old Testament and Psalms is shown in order to identify the most prominent instruments. From the above-mentioned it becomes clear that the ram’s horn, the harp and lyre were the most important musical instruments within the context of the Old Testament (and most nations of the ancient Near East) and that the ram’s horn were used the most in times of war and worship. / Dissertation (MA(Theol))--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Old Testament Studies / unrestricted

In the Old Testament there are many references to musical instruments and each one performs its own specific function. Especially in the Psalms we come across quite a few musical instruments. What is very obvious is the vast amount of references to musical instruments in Psalm 150. In the entire Psalms the most references are made to musical instruments in Psalm 150. The question of this study is: What role did the musical instruments play in the composition of the Psalms? The many references to musical instruments in the Psalms are compared to the other references made to them in the rest of the Old Testament. The psalms in which the musical instruments are mentioned, are discussed and sheds light on how the musical instruments are dispersed in the Psalms’ composition. Recent studies on the composition of the Psalms are also discussed. Every musical instrument that occurs in the Psalms is discussed and with the help of iconographic illustrations it is shown how the musical instruments might have looked. A literary analysis of Psalm 150 helps to argue that this psalm is the final doxology and grand finalé of the Psalms. The studies about the musical instruments’ role in the Psalms shows that the musical instruments build up to a crescendo in the Psalms. The Psalms end with a tremendous grand finalé in Psalm 150. The Psalms is regarded in this study as a great musical composition (a symphony) and the entire symphony orchestra is spread throughout the whole of Psalms. At the end of Psalms the whole symphony orchestra plays together and every one and everything that is created by God is called upon to praise and worship the Lord. / Dissertation (MA (Ancient Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Ancient Languages / unrestricted

Summaries in Afrikaans and English. / Hierdie studie fokus op ‘n interpretasie van die Beni Hasanmuurskildery en meegaande inskripsie wat in Graf BH3 in Egipte ontdek is. Die skildery dateer uit ongeveer 1892 v.C. en kom voor in die graftombe van die provinsiale goewerneur van die Oryxprovinsie – Khnum-hotep II. Met die muurskildery en inskripsie deur die koninklike hofskrywer Neferhotep as vertrekpunt en teoretiese raamwerk, word daar ‘n kwalitatiewe ondersoek gedoen na die herkoms, identiteit en rol van die handelaars en ander items, veral oogverf, wat in die skildery uitgebeeld word. Benewens die interpretasie van die Beni Hasanmuurskildery, steun die studie ook op beskikbare inligting in eietydse teologiese- en argeologiese publikasies. Deur ‘n multi-dissiplinêre benadering te volg, word daar gepoog om meer inligting te bekom oor die geografiese ligging en argitektuur van Graf BH3, die belangrikheid van graf-outobiografie, die identiteit van die handelaars en die doel van hulle besoek. Dit blyk dat die muurskildery ‘n belangrike gebeurtenis in Egipte en die Semitiese wêreld van die pre-monargale tydperk uitbeeld, en meer spesifiek die tyd en konteks waarin verhale van die sogenaamde ‘aartsvaders’, soos hulle in die Hebreeuse Bybel beskryf word, afgespeel het. Aangesien daar ‘n gebrek aan argeologiese en geskrewe (Bybelse en buite-Bybelse) bronne oor die proto-Israelitiese samelewing bestaan, hoop die studie om ‘n bydrae te lewer tot navorsing oor die tydperk, en veral die verhouding tussen die Semiete en Egiptenare. Spesiale aandag word gegee aan die uiterlike voorkoms van die handelaars en goewerneur, en aan die aard en funksie van elke gebruiksartikel wat in die skildery uitgebeeld word, soos die kleredrag, donkies, wapens en musiek-instrumente. Omdat daar in die inskripsie spesifiek melding gemaak word van oogverf, word die belangrikheid van oogverf ten opsigte van magies-religieuse, kultiese, mediese, begrafnis-, ekonomiese (handels-) en kosmetiese gebruike, asook die vervaardiging en samestelling daarvan, breedvoerig ondersoek / This study focuses on an interpretation of the Beni Hasan mural and accompanying inscription discovered in Tomb BH3 in Egypt. The painting dates back to about 1892 BC and is found in the tomb of the provincial governor of the Oryx province - Khnum-hotep II. With the mural and inscription by the royal court writer Neferhotep as point of departure and theoretical framework, a qualitative inquiry is made into the provenance, identity and role of the merchants and other items, especially eye painting, depicted in the painting. In addition to interpreting the Beni Hasan mural, the study also relies on available information in contemporary theological and archaeological publications. By following a multi-disciplinary approach, an attempt is made to obtain more information about the geographical location and architecture of Tomb BH3, the importance of tomb autobiography, the identity of the merchants and the purpose of their visit. It appears that the mural depicts an important event in Egypt and the Semitic world of the pre-monarchic period, and more specifically the time and context in which stories of the so-called 'patriarchs', as described in the Hebrew Bible, played. As there is a lack of archaeological and written (biblical and extra-biblical) sources on proto-Israelite society, the study hopes to contribute to research on the period, and especially the relationship between the Semites and Egyptians. Special attention is paid to the external appearance of the merchants and the governor, and to the nature and function of each commodity depicted in the painting, such as the dress, donkeys, weapons and musical instruments. Because the inscription specifically mentions eye makeup, the importance of eye makeup with regard to magical-religious, cultural, medical, economic (trade) and cosmetic uses, as well as the manufacture and composition thereof, is extensively investigated. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / D. Th. (Godsdienswetenskap)