Muscle may experience hypoglycemia during ischemia or insulin infusion. During severe hypoglycemia energy production is blocked and an increase in AMP:ATP activates the energy sensor and putative insulin-sensitizer AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK promotes energy conservation and survival by shutting down anabolism and activating catabolic pathways. We investigated the molecular mechanism of a unique glucose stress defense pathway involving AMPK-dependent, insulin-independent activation of the insulin signaling pathway. Results from my work showed that the central insulin signaling pathway is rapidly activated when cardiac and skeletal myocytes are subjected to conditions of glucose starvation. The effect occurred independently of insulin receptor ligands (insulin and IGF-1). There was a >10-fold increase in the activity of Akt as determined by phosphorylation on both Thr308 and Ser473. Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase 3 beta (GSK3b) increased in parallel, but phosphorylation of ribosomal 70S subunit-S6 protein kinase (S6K) and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) decreased. We identified AMPK as an intermediate in this signaling network; AMPK was activated by glucose starvation and many of the effects were mimicked by the AMPK-selective activator aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) and blocked by AMPK inhibitors. Glucose starvation increased the phosphorylation on IRS-1 on Ser789, but phosphomimetics revealed that this conferred negative regulation. Glucose starvation enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and the insulin receptor, effects that were blocked by AMPK inhibition and mimicked by AICAR. In vitro kinase assays using purified proteins confirmed that the insulin receptor is a direct target of AMPK. Insulin receptor kinase activity was essential for cardiac myocytes to survive gluose starvation as inhibition of the IR led to increased cell death in glucose-starved myocytes. Selective activation of mTORC2 by glucose starvation to increase Akt-Ser473 phosphorylation was dependent on the presence of rictor. SIN1 also seemed to be instrumental in the activation of mTORC2 as its levels and binding to rictor increased under glucose starvation. AMPK-mediated activation of the insulin signaling pathway conferred significant protection against the stresses of glucose starvation. Glucose starvation promoted energy conservation, augmented glucose uptake and enhanced insulin sensitivity in an AMPK- and Akt-dependent manner. My results describe a novel ligand-independent and AMPK-dependent activation of the insulin signaling pathway via direct phosphorylation and activation of the IR followed by activation of PI3K and Akt. These results may be relevant in conditions of myocardial ischemia superimposed with type 2 diabetes where AMPK could directly modify the IR to promote cell survival and confer protection.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Univ., 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2005. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online as a PDF document.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Göteborgs universitet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2008. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 140 pages. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1998. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Errata slip inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1998. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Errata slip inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri--Columbia, 2005. / "July 2005." Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 152-167). Also issued on the Internet.

Orientador: Pedro Xavier de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T14:24:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Prado_LuizaNaiaraSiqueirado_M.pdf: 1448858 bytes, checksum: 14894261e1f5acfa5c112a5bd731af13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Apesar de a aplicação de campos elétricos de alta intensidade ser atualmente a única terapia disponível para interromper a fibrilação ventricular, esse processo pode causar lesões às células cardíacas, prejudicando sua contratilidade. Neste estudo, aplicamos pulsos elétricos de alta intensidade a miócitos isolados de ratos Wistar adultos. Obtivemos as curvas de letalidade por meio de análise de sobrevivência, que foram usadas para determinar a intensidade de campo necessária para matar 50% das células (EL50) e com esses valores obtivemos a curva de intensidade-duração (IxD) para letalidade para 10 durações diferentes: 0,1; 0,2; 0,5; 1; 3; 5; 10; 20; 35 e 70 ms. Também obtivemos a curva IxD para excitação celular, por meio dos valores de média ± erro padrão da média para a intensidade de campo limiar de excitação para todas as durações, e obtivemos uma relação entre letalidade e excitação em função da duração do pulso, chamada de Fator de Segurança (FS), um indicador de segurança estimulatória. Essa curva foi determinada a partir da divisão entre os pontos das curvas IxD de letalidade e excitação. Observamos que quanto me-nor a duração de pulso, maior a intensidade de campo que causa morte celular. Ao contrário do que se esperava, o maior valor de FS não correspondeu à menor duração utilizada (0,1 ms), mas sim à duração de 0,5 ms. Como o limiar de desfibrilação foi descrito como dependente da duração do pulso aplicado, nossos resultados indicam que o uso de estímulos com duração mais curta - em vez da duração tipicamente usada na clínica, de 10 ms - pode diminuir as lesões celulares, e, portanto, aumentar a efetividade da desfibrilação / Abstract: Although high intensity electric fields application is currently the only effective therapy available to terminate ventricular fibrillation, it may cause injury to cardiac cells, impairing their contractility. In this study we applied high electric field pulses with different durations to isolated rat ventricular myocytes. We obtained lethality curves by survival analysis, which were used to determine the value of applied electric field necessary to kill 50% of cells (EL50) and plotted a strength-duration (IxD) curve for lethality with 10 different durations: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 35 and 70 ms. For the same durations we also obtained an IxD curve for excitation and established an indicator for stimulatory safeness, named Safety Factor (FS), as the ratio between the points on the IxD curve for lethality and the one for excitation. We found that the lower the pulse duration, the higher the electric field intensity required to cell death. Contrary to expecta-tions, the highest FS value does not correspond to the lowest pulse duration but to the one of 0.5 ms. As defibrillation threshold has been described as duration dependent, our results imply that the use of shorter stimulus duration - instead of the one typically used in the clinic (10 ms) - may decrease electric cell damage, therefore increasing defibrillation effectiveness / Mestrado / Engenharia Biomedica / Mestra em Engenharia Elétrica