The tourism industry keeps growing every year, even in times of economic crises. Tourism is was the most important source of income for some countries and regions. Almost every tourism destination offer guided tours, from old quarters in capital cities to remote mountain areas. The best way for nature-based tourism companies to make a revenue is to charge for accommodation and guided tours.   This paper examined at which nature-based activities the demand for guided tours are at highest and if demographic groups differed in their view of when a nature guide was needed. The paper also examined what qualities tourists seek in a nature guide. In order to examine these fators a survey was created. The focus group of the survey was people who had participated in nature-based tours. 100 persons answered the demographic questions, hypothetical questions about guided tours and questions regarding the nature guides abilities and knowledge in different fields. The participants had the option of completing the survey in paper form or online. The survey showed that older people was more keen to hire a nature guide, they also demanded more of the nature guide in the fields of organization, knowledge about nature and safety aspects. The results showed that a nature guide was most needed in activities that were potentially dangerous and where a lot of equipment was required, such as diving and snowmobiling. With more experience the contestants felt less inclined to hire a guide. However, the participants who regard themself as beginners in outdoor life were very inclined to hire a nature guide even at simple activities like forest hikes. The conclusion is that tourist hire a guide when they feel unsafe or do not own the equipment needed.   Key words: Guided tour, guiding, nature guiding, package tours, organized tours

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Inflammatory diseases show large differences in susceptibility between men and women. In previous study, genes that showed different expression patterns between patients and healthy controls in males and females were identified using modules in disease-gene interaction networks. In this work, genes were identified using different methods based on gene expressions in public available data sets. By counting the occurrences of genes identified in the interaction network in our results, we showed that they greatly overlap with genes identified by our methods and that the disease gene-interaction networks are able to identify genes that can be identified in a gene expression based analysis as well. Gene expression analysis was implemented in an automatic pipeline, which was designed for a general use. Thereby, future research with similar problems can be simplified. The Rpackages limma and WGCNA were used to identify genes that showed differences in males and females and GO terms and KEGG pathways were used to search for enriched functions of those genes. Further, a difference between males and females was found for systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren’s syndrome data sets in the expression of genes belonging to interferon signaling. Interferons are currently examined as drug targets for SLE and a difference between men and women could lead to different results of such a medication. However, the identified genes showed changes in expressions between patients and controls for both men and women. This supports a beneficial effect of such drugs in men and women.

I studien undersöks hur universitetsstudenter arbetar med en laboration inom värmestrålning. Syftet var att studera studenternas arbete med laborationens olika moment och laborationens syfte. Studenterna arbetade tillfredsställande vad gäller att läsa laborationsinstruktionerna, ordna uppställningen och att samla mätvärden. Bristen hos laborationen visade sig i de få tillfällen där studenterna arbetade med momentet att behandla resultatet under laborationens genomförande. Bristen blev tydligast gällande hur studenterna behandlade resultatet, som också är en del av laborationens syfte. Studenterna fokuserade inte på att under laborationens gång förstå sambanden mellan de fysikaliska fenomenen. Laborationens andra syfte var att studenterna skulle bekanta sig med mättekniker, vilket studenterna gör genom att genomföra laborationen. Det uppstår dock tillfällen där studenterna visar att de inte förstår uppställningen och utrustningen. Efter analys av resultatet ges förslag på ändringar hos laborationen som enligt forskning kan öka chansen för meningsfullt lärande, ökad motivation, en insocialisering i den vetenskapliga världen och ökad hantverksskicklighet. / The study examines how university students work with a laboratory in heat radiation. The aim was to study the students' work with the different elements of the laboratory and the purpose of the laboratory. The students worked satisfactorily with reading the laboratory instructions, arranging the setup and collecting measurement values.The deficiency regarding the laboratory work done by the students was demonstrated in the \textit{few} occasions where the students worked with the element to process the result during the laboratory work. This shortcoming became most clear in \textit{how} the students treated the result, which is also part of the laboratory's purpose. The students did not focus on understanding the relationships between the physical phenomena during the course of the laboratory. The second purpose of the laboratory was that the students would acquaint themselves with measurement techniques, which the students do by carrying out the laboratory. However, there are occasions where students show that they do not understand the equipment.After analysis of the result, suggestions for changes to the laboratory are given, which, according to research, can increase the chances of meaningful learning, increased motivation, an insocialization in the scientific world and increased craftsmanship.

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Syftet med den här studien var att öka kunskapen om olika sätt förskollärare arbetar på när det kommer till det enskilda barnets inflytande och delaktighet i samband med omfattande gruppaktiviteter inom naturvetenskap. Jag valde att använda mig av kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna genomfördes med sex förskollärare på samma förskola. Resultatet visar att förskollärarna anpassar aktiviteten efter gruppstorleken, ser till att det finns en vuxen i närheten av barnet samt utgår från individens intressen för att tillmötesgå individen. I studien framkommer även att förskollärarna upplever svårigheter med att bemöta barnet som är kopplade till barngruppens storlek, miljön samt deras egna kunskaper i ämnet. / The aim of this study was to increase the knowledge of how the preschool teachers work when it comes to the individual child’s influence and participation in comprehensive group activites in science. I used a qualitative method with semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted with six preshool techers at one preschool. The study shows that the preschool teachers think it is important that all children should be seen based on their conditions and needs. To accommodate to the individual child it appears that the preeschool teachers choose activities suitable to the size of the group, make sure there is an adult near the child and assume the interests of the individual child. The study also found that the preschool teachers’ experienced difficulties in responding to the child related to the size of the child group, the environment and their own knowledge of the subject.

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