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BAG2 is repressed by NF- kB signaling, and its overexpression is sufficient to shift AB1-42 from neurotrophic to neurotoxic in undifferentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastomaSantiago, Fernando Enrique January 2015 (has links)
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Daniel Carneiro Carrettiero / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência e Cognição, 2015. / A doenca de Alzheimer (AD) e a mais diagnosticada de todas as demencias e afeta aproximadamente 12,5% das pessoas com idade superior a 65 anos. A doenca piora progressivamente, causando um alarmante declinio na funcao cognitiva e eventualmente a morte. Duas caracteristicas histopatologicas da doenca sao presenca das placas do peptideo beta-amiloide (AB) e emaranhados neurofibrilares da proteina tau hyperphosphorilada. A hipotese amiloide da AD propoe que o beta-amiloide (AB) induz a fosforilacao da tau, resultando na formacao de agregados toxicos, perda da funcao neuronal e morte neuronal. Curiosamente, em neuronios nao-diferenciados AB e neuroprotetora em vez de neurotoxica. Em neuronios diferenciados, a neurotoxicidade de AB e dependente da expressao da proteina tau. A co-chaperona BAG2 foi identificada como capaz de estimular a degradacao da proteina tau fosforilada, sugerindo que pode reverter a eventual agregacao de tau hiperfosforilada citotoxica. A relevancia da BAG2 nos processos neurotoxicos induzidos pela AB, dentro de um contexto de maturac.o neuronal, nao foi anteriormente pesquisada e representa uma interessante hipotese no quanto possa ajudar a elucidar os mecanismos celular-moleculares responsaveis pela patologia da doenca de Alzheimer. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a funcao e regulacao de BAG2 no contexto da morte celular induzida por AB em neuronios nao-diferenciados e diferenciados. A expressao de BAG2 em celulas SH-SY5Y foi analisada sob condicoes de nao-diferenciacao e diferenciacao. O BAG2 foi superexpressada em celulas SH-SY5Y nao-diferenciadas, que foram depois tratadas
15 com o peptido AB. A morte celular foi avaliada por exclusao de azul de tripano. A regiao do promotor de BAG2 foi analisada para avaliar a frequencia e distribuicao de sitios-alvo de varios fatores de transcricao para identificar fatores que regulam a expressao do BAG2. Os niveis de expressao de BAG2 foram determinados utilizando RT-PCR. Nos mostramos que a expressao de BAG2 aumenta com a diferenciacao das celulas SH-SY5Y. AB e neurotrofico para as celulas SH-SY5Y nao-diferenciadas, porem e neurotoxica de celulas diferenciadas. A superexpressao da co-chaperona BAG2 foi suficiente para causar uma mudanca na sinalizacao de AB de neurotrofico para neurotoxico em celulas nao-diferenciadas. A superexpressao de BAG2, na ausencia de AB, nao teve efeito na morte celular ou no grau de diferenciacao em celulas SH-SY5Y nao-diferenciadas. Em seguida analisamos a regiao do promotor de BAG2 e descobrimos uma prevalencia de sitios do NF .kB, os quais co-localizavam com o sitio de iniciacao da transcricao do BAG2. O tratamento das celulas, tanto com ativadores e inibidor do NF-kB, revelou que o BAG2 e reprimido pela atividade do NF- kB. Em conjunto, estes dados sugerem que a ausencia de BAG2 em celulas nao-diferenciadas e suficiente para lhes conferir resistencia a morte induzida por AB. Assim, sugerimos que a inducao da expressao de BAG2 atraves da interrupcao ou alteracao de sinalizacao de NF-kB pode criar um ambiente celular em neuronios maduros que e sensivel, em vez de resistente, a morte celular induzida por AB. / Alzheimer¿s disease (AD) remains the most-diagnosed of all dementias, affecting approximately 12.5% of persons over 65 years of age. The disease progressively worsens causing an alarming decline in cognitive function, often culminating in death. Two histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer¿s disease are beta-amyloid (AB) peptide plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. According to the amyloid hypothesis of AD, AB induces tau phosphorylation which results in the formation of toxic protein aggregates, loss of neuron function, and neuronal death. Interestingly, AB has been shown to be neurotrophic rather than neurotoxic to neural precursors in animal and cell culture models, and the neurotoxicity of AB in differentiated neurons has been found to be dependent upon tau protein expression. The co-chaperone BAG2 has recently been shown to stimulate the degradation of accumulated phosphorylated tau protein, suggesting that it may abrogate aggregation of tau into cytotoxic neurofibrillary tangles. The relevance of BAG2 to AB-induced neurotoxicity within the context of neuron maturation is not presently understood, and may help to further elucidate the cell-molecular mechanisms responsible for Alzheimer¿s disease pathology.
The aim of this study was to characterize the function and regulation of BAG2 within AB-induced cell death in undifferentiated and differentiated neurons. BAG2 expression in SH-SY5Y cells was analyzed under undifferentiated and differentiated conditions. BAG2 was overexpressed in undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells, which were then treated with AB peptide.
13 Cell death was evaluated by Trypan blue exclusion. The BAG2 promoter region was analyzed for the frequency and distribution of various transcription factor regulatory motifs to identify BAG2-regulating factors. BAG2 expression levels were determined using RT-PCR. We show that BAG2 expression increases on differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells. AB is neurotrophic to undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells, while it is neurotoxic to differentiated cells. Overexpression of the co-chaperone BAG2 was sufficient to cause a switch in AB signaling from neurotrophic to neurotoxic in undifferentiated cells. BAG2 overexpression, in the absence of AB, had no effect on cell death or degree of differentiation in undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells. We next analyzed to putative BAG2 promoter region and discovered a preponderance of NF-kB binding motifs that co-localized to the BAG2 transcription start site. Treatment of cells with NF-kB activators and inhibitor reagents revealed that BAG2 is repressed by NF-kB signaling. Together, these data suggest that the absence of BAG2 in undifferentiated cells is sufficient to render them refractive to AB-induced death. We thus suggest that the expression of BAG2 expression via the disruption or modification of NF-kB signaling may create a cellular environment in mature neurons that is sensitive rather than resistant to AB-induced cell death.
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