Introduction: Autophagy is a complex and highly regulated process responsible for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and the degradation and recycling of key nutrients. Autophagy is generally believed to serve a protective role, responding to periods of starvation and aging, pathogen invasion, development, improper protein folding, and organelle damage. Defective autophagy, on the other hand, is implicated in disease states such as metabolic syndrome, hepatic steatosis, obesity, and atherosclerosis, among others. Interestingly, in various skeletal muscle diseases associated with either atrophy or dystrophy, the accumulation of autophagosomes within myofibers is a common feature. Additionally, modulation of autophagy in skeletal muscle has been reported to influence energy and lipid metabolism, while also affecting these parameters in organs such as the pancreas, liver, and adipose tissue. Ethanol consumption inhibits protein synthesis while simultaneously inducing proteolysis of skeletal muscle, and a decreased skeletal muscle mass correlates to heightened disease progression in patients such as those diagnosed with alcoholic cirrhosis and various cancers. Due to the correlation between skeletal muscle loss and exacerbated disease progression, the role of autophagy in response to ethanol consumption could highlight new therapeutic modalities that may attenuate disease progression and improve final presentation of various disease states. Further, acute ethanol consumption has shown a selectivity of autophagy toward mitochondria and lipid droplets, rather than proteins that are typically degraded during starvation. Due to ethanol’s damaging effects exerted on mitochondria and lipid peroxidation, removal of mitochondria and lipid droplets via autophagy could represent an attempt at host defense. One limitation of various studies analyzing autophagy in skeletal muscle is the duration of ethanol exposure. Therefore, we aimed to characterize skeletal muscle autophagic flux in both the NIAAA, 10-day ethanol model as well as the chronic, six-week ethanol model. Methods: In order to analyze autophagic flux in response to ethanol consumption, C57BL/6 mice were treated with either a control or ethanol diet (5% EtOH/vol) for a period of ten days (NIAAA model) or six weeks (chronic model). Mice were then euthanized and hindlimb skeletal muscles were collected, snap frozen, and analyzed using an immunoblot assay. Results: Markers indicative of autophagy, such as autophagy-related genes (Atg), Beclin-1, and LC3A/B, are expected to exhibit increased expression in response to ethanol consumption in both the NIAAA and chronic ethanol model.

A review of the literature indicates that there has been no previous studies on Virginia Athletic Directors (ADs) and their knowledge of school law. Several researchers have studied other educators' knowledge of school law. In general, previous studies on educators' knowledge of school law demonstrates that educators do not have a comprehensive working knowledge of school law. ADs differ from those studied previously due to the lack of unified certification requirements for ADs in the Commonwealth of Virginia. This study was designed to measure Virginia interscholastic ADs' knowledge of job related school law. In addition, the study analyzed the data for any significant relationships between ADs' knowledge of school law and other variables. Such variables include age, experience, size of school district, level of education, administration and supervision endorsement, type of legal training, methods for obtaining current school law information and/or updates, membership in professional organizations, national certification level. Of the 315 Virginia public high school Ads, 305 were surveyed and 140 responded, for a response rate of 45.9%. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and ANOVA analysis. Statistical analysis revealed that ADs in larger schools scored significantly higher than ADs in smaller schools. Also, ADs with that possessed the 'Certified Athletic Administrator' (CAA) credential scored significantly higher than ADs that have not attained the CAA certification. Lastly, ADs that are members of both the state and national ADs association (VIAAA and NIAAA, respectively) scored significantly higher than ADs who are not members of both associations. / Ed. D.