Bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) support proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) in vitro. Since they represent a rare subset of BM cells, MSC preparations for clinical purposes involves a preparative step of ex vivo multiplication. The aim of our study was to analyze the influence of culture duration on MSC supportive activity. MSC were expanded for up to 10 passages. MSC and CD34+ cells were seeded in cytokinefree co-cultures after which the phenotype, clonogenic capacity and in vivo repopulating activity of harvested hematopoietic cells were assessed. Early passage MSC supported HPC expansion and differentiation toward both B lymphoid and myeloid lineages. Late passage MSC did not support HPC and myeloid cell outgrowth but maintained B cell supportive ability. In vitro maintenance of NOD/SCID mouse repopulating cells cultured for one week in contact with MSC was effective until the fourth MSC passage and declined afterwards. CD34+ cells achieved higher levels of engraftment in NOD/SCID mice when co-injected with early passage MSC; however MSC expanded beyond 9 passages were ineffective in promoting CD34+ cell engraftment. Non-contact cultures indicated that MSC supportive activity involved diffusible factors. Among these, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 contributed to the supportive activity of early passage MSC but not of late passage MSC. MSC phenotype as well as fat, bone and cartilage differentiation capacity did not change during MSC culture. Extended MSC culture alters their supportive ability toward HPC without concomitant changes in phenotype and differentiation capacity.

Interest in cellular immunotherapy has increased with the recognition of the pivotal role that dendritic cells (DC) play in the adaptive immune system. The preparation of DC to present tumour antigens and subsequent induction of tumour specific T cells have been widely documented. This thesis studied the ability of cord blood (CB) stem cells to differentiate into functional CD34+DC, followed by the optimisation of electroporation of RNA into these cells. Total RNA derived from a leukaemic cell line and a primary human leukaemic sample was electroporated into CD34+DC DC and we were able to generate anti-leukaemic cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The CTL specifically targeted leukaemia but not normal cells. While the in vitro data showed promising results of the CTL specificity, a NOD-SCID model of human ALL was established to allow the CTL to be tested in vivo. We established a reproducible model of human ALL in NOD-SCID mouse using four primary human ALL samples. The adoptively transferred anti-leukaemic CTL into the ALL bearing NOD-SCID mice showed that ALL engraftment was significantly delayed. However, the addition of total RNA loaded CD34+DC DC did not enhance the in vivo CTL effect. Lastly, by dissecting the CTL response, we found that the polyclonal CTL were targeting survivin, HM1.24 and CT-7 antigens. The CTL clones generated from these polyclonal CTL showed high specificity for leukaemia but not normal cells. In conclusion, these preliminary data support the use of total RNA electroporated CD34+DC as a means of inducing anti-leukaemic CTL, and have demonstrated the efficacy of the CTL in a NOD-SCID model of ALL. This study has also provided insight into the polyclonal CTL response and future studies will likely continue along this path.

La maladie de Fabry est une maladie lysosomale présentant une grande hétérogénéité phénotypique et génotypique. Elle est causée par des mutations au niveau du gène GLA, situé sur le chromosome X, entrainant un déficit de l'enzyme alpha-galactosidase A. Celui-ci mène à une accumulation de globotriaosylcéramide (Gb3), de globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3) et de galabiosylcéramide (Ga2) et leurs isoformes et analogues respectifs qui sont utilisés comme biomarqueurs pour la maladie de Fabry. Il est possible de les quantifier dans les liquides biologiques tels que le plasma et l’urine des patients. Le principal traitement consiste en une thérapie d’enzyme de remplacement (TER) qui n’est pas efficace pour tous les patients, car des complications peuvent survenir suite à une réponse auto-immune contre l’enzyme infusée. Le développement d’autres thérapies est au coeur de la recherche actuelle. La thérapie génique à l’aide d’un vecteur viral pour cette maladie lysosomale est en développement au Canada. Un modèle de souris NOD/SCID/Fabry (NSF) a été généré pour le développement du vecteur viral, la compréhension de la distribution des biomarqueurs au niveau des tissus de différents organes et l’évaluation des effets du traitement. Ce modèle est une souris avec une inactivation complète du gène GLA ainsi que l’absence de système immunitaire. Les objectifs du projet de maîtrise étaient donc de: 1) développer et valider une méthode pour l’homogénéisation des tissus, l’extraction et le dosage du Gb3 et ses isoformes/analogues dans les tissus de différents organes de souris Fabry et souris contrôles à l’aide de la chromatographie liquide ultra performance couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (UPLC-MS/MS); 2) comparer les profils de distribution des biomarqueurs dans différents organes pour des souris atteintes de la maladie de Fabry et des souris contrôles. L’analyse des souris NSF a permis d’établir un profil de biomarqueurs comportant jusqu’à 22 isoformes pour chaque organe et de mettre en évidence des différences significatives entre la distribution du Gb3 dans lesdits organes. La quantité la plus élevée de Gb3 se retrouve au niveau de la rate, suivis du petit intestin, des reins, des poumons, du coeur, du foie et du cerveau. Les isoformes formés d’un acide gras sans insaturation sont les plus abondants dans l’ensemble des organes. Un transfert technologique sera effectué pour l’analyse des biomarqueurs dans des échantillons de plasma de patients Fabry ayant reçu la thérapie génique. En conclusion, la méthode mise au point est sensible et offre un outil efficace pour l’analyse des tissus de différents organes de souris par la production d’un profil de biomarqueurs, ce qui peut aussi mener à de meilleurs outils pour monitorer les patients atteints de la maladie de Fabry.

Utilization of tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) as a cell-based therapy represents a promising strategy in treatment of autoimmune diseases including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Numerous protocols have been established to generate tolDCs ex vivo and their therapeutic effect has been demonstrated in animal models of autoimmune diseases. In this thesis we compared three different variants of such protocols which are based on the combined treatment of bone marrow- derived DCs with vitamin D and dexamethasone applied at different time points of their maturation towards tolDCs. We assessed the efficiency of these protocols in regards of their effect on the expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC II and the chemokine receptor CCR7 on the surface of tolDCs. Then, we evaluated the migration pattern of antigen unloaded tolDCs in vivo as well as their effect on the induction of immune responses and cell proliferation of lymph node cells. This was achieved by labelling of tolDCs with membrane dye PKH26 and by following their migration path by flow cytometry after intraperitoneal (i.p) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection into either left or right side of the body. On day 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9, the presence of PKH26+ tolDCs was examined in spleen, pancreatic, mesenteric, inguinal and axillary...

Final publication is available at http://www.bloodjournal.org/ / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19614号 / 医博第4121号 / 新制||医||1015(附属図書館) / 32650 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙折 晃史, 教授 山田 亮, 教授 三森 経世 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM