Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 1920. / "Private edition, distributed by the University of Chicago Libraries, Chicago, Illinois." "Reprinted from Supplementary educational monographs, no. 18, June, 1922." Includes index.

Thesis--Universität Leipzig. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. [v]-vi).

Inaug.-diss.--Halle. / Vita. "Libri": p. v-vii.

"Each of the ancient nations had a number system of their own, however, only a few of these will be mentioned in this paper, those being the ones which probably contributed to the development of our own number system. Therefore, the primary purpose of this paper is to give a gist of these ancient number systems, and to give in more details the history of our present system, namely, the Hindu-Arabic number system. Although this is not a complete history of our system of numbers, it is hoped that the reader will see some advantages the system has over the number systems of the ancient world"--Introduction. / "August, 1945." / Typescript. / "Presented to the Graduate Council of the Florida State College for Women in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts under Plan II." / Advisor: T. L. Wade, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 21).

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Orientador: Nelson Antonio Pirola / Coorientadora: Joana Brocardo / Banca: Maria de Fátima Pista Calado Mendes / Banca: Mara Sueli Simão Moraes / Banca: Maria Raquel Miotto Morelatti / Banca: Fernanda Oliveira Soares Taxa Amaro / Resumo: A pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar e compreender a relação entre a percepção sobre a autoeficácia na resolução de tarefas numéricas e o sentido de número dos alunos que estão terminando o Ciclo de Alfabetização (3.º ano do Ensino Fundamental). O quadro teórico integra duas temáticas: a crença de autoeficácia e o sentido de número. A crença de autoeficácia é fundamentada a luz da Teoria Sócio-Cognitiva, teoria esta desenvolvida pelo psicólogo Albert Bandura. O sentido de número é fundamentado por autores que investigam essa temática, incluindo estudos sobre o cálculo mental. Esta investigação é de natureza metodológica mista com a conjunção de dados quantitativos e qualitativos. Os participantes da pesquisa foram 407 alunos de 29 turmas do 3.º ano do Ensino Fundamental de 12 escolas do município de Bauru - São Paulo - Brasil que foram selecionadas por sorteio. Os instrumentos para a coleta de dados foram um questionário, que tinha a finalidade de caracterizar os participantes em termos de idade, gênero, ano de escolaridade bem como sua percepção de desempenho em Matemática de forma geral; uma escala de crença de autoeficácia em tarefas numéricas, que tinha por objetivo mensurar as crenças de autoeficácia dos alunos diante de tarefas numéricas; e as tarefas numéricas, que tinha por finalidade investigar o sentido de número dos alunos. A coleta de dados aconteceu em dois momentos: num primeiro momento, foram aplicados o questionário e a escala de crença de autoeficácia em tare... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The goal of the research is to analyze and understand the relationship between the perception of self-efficacy in the resolution of numerical tasks and the number of students who are finishing the Literacy Cycle (3rd year of elementary school). The theoretical framework integrates two themes: the self-efficacy beliefs and the number sense. The self-efficacy beliefs is based on the light of Socio-Cognitive Theory, a theory developed by the psychologist Albert Bandura. The number sense is supported by authors who investigate this issue, including studies about mental calculation .This research is of mixed methodological nature with the combination of quantitative and qualitative data. The participants of the research were 407 students from 29 classes of the 3rd year of elementary school from 12 schools in the city of Bauru - São Paulo - Brazil that were selected by random. The instruments for data collection were a questionnaire, which had the purpose of characterizing the participants in terms of age, gender, year of schooling as well as their perception of performance in Mathematics in general; a scale of self-efficacy beliefs in numerical tasks, whose objective was to measure students' self-efficacy beliefs in numerical tasks; and numerical tasks, whose purpose was to investigate the number sense of the students. The data collection happened in two moments: at first, the questionnaire and the scale of self-efficacy beliefs in numerical tasks were applied; in the second momen... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

This dissertation investigates Slavic collective numerals and their syntactic structure from descriptive and structural perspectives on the basis of the operation Agree. The headedness of Slavic collective numeral phrases will be focused on with three Slavic languages: Russian, Bosnian/ Croatian/Serbian, and Polish. To analyze the semantic and morphosyntactic properties of Slavic collective numeral phrases, I adopted two important concepts proposed by Rappaport (2002, 2006): i) Minimal Lexical Representation (MLR) and ii) pre-valued abstract Quantitative Case (QC). MLR represents the semantic and formal features of nouns, which selectively combine with collective numerals, while the idea of QC can predict the heterogeneous and homogeneous patterns of case assignment. The presence of pre-valued abstract QC triggers heterogeneous morphosyntax, while the absence of QC triggers homogeneous morphosyntax. The spell-out forms of collective numerals are the direct result of morphological syncretic rules. In regard of the headedness of Slavic collective numeral phrases, this research claims that nouns are the heads of Slavic numeral phrases on the grounds that numerals, adjectives, and other modifiers agree with nouns, which functions as the locus of morphosyntax (Zwicky 1985). The use of collective numerals is determined by the properties of nouns. In each chapter, Slavic collective numerals will be analyzed from the three points of view: i) semantics, ii) morphology, and iii) syntax. Collective numerals can emphasize the meaning of collectivity, totality, and cohesiveness as an aggregate. BCS and Polish collective numerals strictly specify a group of mixed gender, while Russian does not. BCS is characterized by three different types of collective numerals: i) collective numeral substantives (dvojica ‘two’, trojica ‘three’, četvorica ’four’, petorica ’five’, etc.), collective numerals (dvoje ‘two’, troje ‘three’, četvoro ’four’, petoro ’five’, etc.), and collective numeral adjectives (dvoji (m.)/ dvoje (f.)/ dvoja (n.) ’two’, etc.). Moreover, indeclinability of numerals is one of the characteristics of BCS numerals. Polish has secondary gender, so-called virile marking, which does not apply to collective numerals. Polish collective numerals are strictly used to express a group of mixed gender. / text

This dissertation explores the robust confluence of syntactic and cultural factors involved in the structure and content of chéngyǔ. It unpacks a number of structural tendencies in the data sample, and illuminates selected underlying cultural themes. The presence of syntactic and semantic parallelism within chéngyǔ in the dataset, as an expression of the correlative Chinese philosophy of the wǔxíng (五行 ‘Five Phases’ or ‘Five Elements’ of the universe), is a recurring point. Syntactic parallelism is demonstrated via chéngyǔ with invertible elements and by the overwhelming preference for syntactic parallelism, in particular the # N # N structure. Semantic parallelism is demonstrated via content words with related semantic fields or separable content words. The Chinese philosophical concepts of yīn and yáng are shown to have a clear impact on the use of numbers within chéngyǔ. Yīn and yáng are preferably arranged in balance with each other. If only one is present, however, then yáng is considered to be preferable over yīn. The interaction between the numbers within chéngyǔ has several pragmatic effects. For example, the combination of the numbers qī (七 'seven') and bā (八 'eight') is used to suggest disorder, untidiness or physical or emotional disturbance (Pellatt 2007:96). Bàn (半 ‘half’) may be used in chéngyǔ to denote the meaning of ‘a proportion.’ It also may be used together with yī (一 ‘one’) to indicate ‘any at all’ as well as a cluster of closely related concepts generally indicating ‘the existence of a small amount.’ Numbers also often have the effect of highlighting the contrast between two content words. Some chéngyǔ have a clearcut syntactic analysis, others do not. This is due to their highly elliptical and idiomatic nature, the fact that many lexemes can fall into more than one word class, and the fact that chéngyǔ are frozen expressions that often preserve some grammatical structures from Classical Chinese. Additionally, chéngyǔ do include conceptual metaphors, from the standpoint of the conceptual theory of metaphor launched with Lakoff and Johnson (1980). / Department of English

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 1935. / Bibliography: p. 79-99.

This thesis deals with the definition of numerals and its position in the system of words classes. First, briefly describes the history and current attitudes to general issue of parts- of- speech classification in the context of foreign and Czech linguistics. Subsequently, a different theoretical concepts Czech linguistics devoted to the issue of speech numerals from the mid-20th century to the present. Based on the contextual analysis of data from the database of the Czech National Corpus then verifies the current classification criteria of parts-of-speech classification. At the same time tests on a prototypical numerals new approach to the definition of numerals as separate species, based on the context units surveyed. Finally submits proposals that are based on statistically processed outputs of contextual analysis. Key words: numerals, classification of numerals, context analysis, Czech National Corpus, corpus analysis