Author: Rudolf Salvetr Supervisor: PhDr. Pavla Nečasová, Ph. D. Charles University in Prague Title: Mistakes of Czech pupils in the pronunciation of German numerals and the pronunciation of numerals in the textbooks of German language. Number of pages: 94 Title: Mistakes of Czech pupils in the pronunciation of German numerals and the pronunciation of numerals in the textbooks of German language. Summary: The aim of the thesis is to reveal mistakes which Czech pupils make in the pronunciation of German numerals. For the research the the method of observation has been chosen which has been carried out through recording of the pronunciation. Afterwards the recordings were analysed. Due to the analysis we can identify difficult phenomena and numerals. In the second part of the thesis some textbooks have been analysed from the phonetic point of view. The aim of the analysis is to find textbooks which work with the pronunciation in a sophisticated way. Consequently, there are suggested some exercises which can help improve the quality of pronunciation of German numerals by Czech pupils. Key words: analysis, exercises, German numerals, mistakes, pronunciation, recordings, textbooks

Cette thèse, en se fondant sur des exemples de la littérature et de la presse de la deuxième moitié du dix-neuvième siècle jusqu’à nos jours mais également sur la langue orale (standard et dialectale), porte sur l’étude des numéraux (ou noms de nombre) du serbo-croate (bosniaque, croate, monténégrin, serbe). Ces derniers forment en effet un groupe plutôt vaste et obéissent à des règles multiples, d’une rigueur souvent instable. De plus, les meilleures grammaires ne donnent que des indications restreintes, isolées, voire bien souvent en contradiction avec l’usage. De nombreuses questions restent alors sans réponse et ce travail tente par conséquent de rassembler les données qui permettent une identification ainsi qu’une caractérisation grammaticale et sémantique plus aisées desdits numéraux. Dans la première partie nous décrivons les différents types de noms de nombres et leurs caractéristiques grammaticales, ce qui nous amène entre autres à étudier l’épineux problème de la déclinaison des numéraux et à déduire les deux constructions numériques fondamentales du serbo-croate : la construction partitive et la construction concordante. La seconde partie présente d’abord l’analyse de la distribution réciproque entre les numéraux et les noms comptables, domaine où la norme est très floue et dans lequel la langue poursuit ses efforts pour introduire un peu de régularité et traite ensuite des accords des numéraux avec les autres éléments de la phrase quantifiante en abordant plus spécifiquement le problème des accords dits « doubles » (accord grammatical et/ou sémantique du prédicat verbal et des déterminants). / This thesis, based on examples of literature and press from the second half of the nineteenth century to the present but also on oral language (standard and dialectal), focuses on the study of the numerals (or names of numbers) in Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian). The latter indeed form a rather vast group and obey multiple rules of an often unstable precision. Furthermore, the best grammars give only restricted and isolated information, very often in contradiction with the usage. Thus, numerous questions remain unanswered and this work tries consequently to gather the data which will allow both an easier identification and grammatical and semantic characterization of the aforementioned numerals. The first part thus describes the various types of names of numbers as well as their grammatical characteristics, which brings us, among other things, to study the thorny problem of the declension of the numerals and to deduct the two fundamental numeric constructions in Serbo – Croatian : the partitive construction and the congruent construction. The second part is at first dedicated to the analysis of the mutual distribution between the numerals and the countable nouns, a field where the norm is very vague and in which the language pursues its efforts to introduce a little bit of regularity, and then presents the agreements of the numerals with the other elements of the quantifying sentence by more specifically describing the problem of the so-called « double » agreements (grammatical and\or semantic agreement of the predicate and the determiners).

Lietuvių šnekamosios kalbos deminutyvai dažniausiai padaromi iš daiktavardžio, kiek rečiau iš būdvardžio ir labai retai iš skaitvardžio. Daiktavardžių ir būdvardžių deminutyvai dažniausiai padaromi prie daiktavardžio / būdvardžio pridėjus bendras – tiek daiktavardžiams, tiek būdvardžiams būdingas - priesagas. Skaitvardžių deminutyvai yra išvedami iš trijų šaknų (milijon-, tūktant-, šimt-) pamatinių žodžių su trimis dažniausiomis šnekamosios kalbos deminutyvinėmis priesagomis ( -ėlis, -ė; -elis, -ė, -(i)ukas, -ė). Mažybiniai maloniniai žodžiai yra vartojami skirtingomis darybos reikšmėmis. Priklausomai nuo to, ką norima išreikšti, su tuo pačiu ar skirtingu afiksu sudaryti vediniai, šnekamojoje kalboje dažniausiai žymi mažumą ir (arba) teigiamą / neigiamą vertinimą. Deminutyvai yra viena ryškiausių šnekamosios kalbos ekspresyvinimo, priemonių, parodančių kalbėtojo santykį su įvardijamu objektų, atskleidžiančių sinonimiškumą, kalbėtojo charakterio savitumą. / In the Lithuanian colloquial language, diminutives are mostly made from nouns, less frequently from adjectives, and rarely from numeral. Diminutives of nouns and adjectives are offen formed from common suffixes. Diminutives of numerals are made from three roots – šimt-, tūkstant-, milijon- and three mostly used suffixes -elis, -ėlis, -(i)ukas. Diminutives are suffixal derivatives and they are used in different meanings of formation. In accordance with to what you want to express using the same or diferent affix, diminutives of colloquial language usually denotes smallness and (or) positive/negative evaluation. Diminutive is one of the most distinct means of expressiveness, which shows the relation between the speaker and named object, reveals synonymy and individuality of speakers character.

This thesis deals with selected forms of numerals 2, 3, 4 and how the students in elementary school decline them. The aim was to find out if the students use in written exercise literary or non-literary forms at declension of numeral 2, how it develops during schooling and if they choose numerals three and four in genitive literary forms or their codified variants. The theoretical part defines the numerals with focus on declination of numerals 2, 3 and 4, deals with its development, hypercorrection, codification from 1993 and conception in Framework educational programme for basic education and in textbooks for elementary schools. Empirical part contains results of survey, which I have got from elementary school student's written exercise. These results are presented in tables and charts, which are used to conclusions of research. The work contains four interviews with teachers of two elementary schools. I asked them about their experience with teaching declination of numerals 2, 3 and 4 at elementary school. KEYWORDS Numerals 2, 3 and 4, morphology, codification, hypercorrection, elementary school

Typologisk klassificering av kardinaltals ordföljdstendenser har generellt utgått från en binär uppdelning i pre- och postnominella språk, men viss inomspråklig variation i ordföljdsmönster mellan olika kardinaltal har hittats bland världens språk. Tillgång till parallelltexter på många olika språk möjliggör storskalig kvantitativ typologisk analys av syntaktiska fenomen som detta, givet en lämplig strategi för språkoberoende parsning av icke-annoterat material. I denna studie undersöks aspekter av kardinaltalsberoende ordföljdsvariation i 1336 språk genom ordlänkning och annoteringsöverföring i en massivt parallell korpus av Bibelöversättningar. Källtexter märks upp med syntaktisk och lexikal annotering som förs över till icke-annoterad ordlänkad data på andra språk, och ordföljdstendenser för varje kardinaltal och språk mäts statistiskt. Utvärdering av metodens klassificering av generell kardinaltalsordföljd gav 87 % överensstämmelse med data från den manuellt sammanställda WALS-databasen, i linje med tidigare evalueringar av liknande metoder. Variation i ordföljdsmönster mellan individuella kardinaltal uppvisades i en väsentlig andel av undersökta språk, vilket motiverar värdet av en mer detaljerad klassificering av kardinaltals ordföljdstypologi. Undersökning av seriell ordföljdsvariation, där ett seriellt gränsvärde finns mellan olika dominerande ordföljdstyper i ett språks kardinaltalssystem, visade att den överlägset vanligaste strukturen för seriell variation i den undersökta datan var prenominella uttryck för 1 i språk där den dominerande kardinaltalsordföljden klassats som postnominell. / Typological word order classification for cardinal numerals has generally used a binary pre- or postnominal model, but in some languages word order behaviour has been shown to vary between individual cardinal numerals. This phenomenon can be quantitatively studied on a larger typological scale using massively parallel texts, given a cross-language method for parsing non-annotated texts. In this study, cardinal numeral-dependent word order variation is extracted from Bible translations in 1336 languages through word alignment and annotation transfer from syntactically and lexically annotated source texts to all translations in the corpus. Classification of dominant numeral word order using the transferred annotations agreed with manually gathered classifications from the WALS database for 87 % of common languages, which is in line with previous similar studies. Possible numeral-dependent word order variation was identified in a significant number of languages in the sample, supporting the case for use of a more nuanced word order classification structure. Analysis of serial word order variation, where a cardinal numeral of a certain value separates continuous numeral sequences with different dominant word orders, showed the most common structure for this type of variation to be the 1-numeral preceding the noun while all other numerals follow the noun they modify.

The Greater Hindu Kush designates a mountainous area extending from Afghanistan over Pakistan, Tajikistan and India to the westernmost parts of China. It is home to over 50 lan- guages from six different phyla; Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Nuristani, Turkic, Tibeto-Burman and the language isolate Burushaski. Due to its unique geographical setting, it is characterised by language contact and isolation, which lays the perfect ground for research on linguistic diversity, language convergence and genealogical relations. The present study relies on data from the entire region and attempts to identify structural similarities based on lexical items from core vocabulary, numerals and kinship terms. The study reexamines the genealogical affiliation through lexical similarity and investigates areal patterns of vergence, i.e. the branching out or mergence of these patterns. Results reconfirm the established classification of the languages and indicate a certain level of structural simi- larity across language families for some features such as numeral bases, numeral composition and the terms for ‘parents’ and ‘parents-in-law’, yet it also shows great diversity for other features such as ‘grandchildren’ and one’s siblings’ partner. / Language contact and relatedness in the Hindukush region (421-2014-631)

The materials examined here consist of 121 Russian letters dating from 1700-1715. The present study aims to  define a stage in linguistic evolution and analyze the morphological heterogeneity in the textual corpus. The letters are divided into three categories: private, semiofficial, and official. All nomina (substantives, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals) are registered and their occurrences processed statistically case by grammatical case. The focus is on linguistic features where a choice is possible and variation is in evidence. Conservatism asserts itself primarily in strongly standardized texts such as the official correspondence, while  phonetic spelling reflecting akanie and dialectally influenced syncretism between different cases (e.g., the GDLsg) is observable mainly in the private letters, which consitute the least standardized category. There is a trend break among u-genitives and u-locatives, where our findings indicate that the u-ending is losing ground. A statistically established correlation between declensional type and the presence/absence of a coordinated adjunct is noted in the instrumental plural of masculine o-, jo-stems. The choice of the archaizing Ipl-ending suggests that repetition of the –mi- element is perceived to be redundant. In the singular paradigm of the adjective the feminine instrumental forms are strongly conservative, and the modern short ending occurs in only a few instances. In the nominative plural the modern ending –ye, -ie dominates for all cases and in all letter categories. The use of samyj for the comparative degree is not particularly prominent in these 18th-century letters. Because this descriptive comparison type developed in the 17th century, its use could have been expected to rise in the 18th, but our materials do not indicate any such increase. With few exceptions, pronouns generally display forms corresponding to modern usage. One notable deviation is the occurrence of a pronoun with an adjectival ending in the genitive singular (tago), but it is an idiosyncratic feature. Numerals for the most part correspond to modern usage, although their low frequency does not invite generalizations. / <p>978-91-86071-61-5 (del 1), 978-91-86071--62-2 (del 2), 978-91-86071-63-9 (del 1-2)</p>

The languages spoken on northern Halmahera and surrounding small islands constitute a group of related ‘Papuan’ languages called North Halmahera. They are also, together with other Papuan and Austronesian languages, included in a proposed sprachbund which is called East Nusantara. Neuter gender and numeral classifiers have both been proposed to characterize the sprachbund. Consequently,an investigation of the noun categorisation systems in the North Halmahera languages, which is the subject of this study, can be of interest for the characterization of the sprachbund. The method for the investigation is to search for information about seven languages in existing grammatical descriptions, complemented with information which can be culled from published texts in the languages. There are mainly two categorisation systems in all the investigated languages: genders and numeral classifiers. The numerals often contain fossilized prefixes. Among the numeral classifiers, the human classifiers are special because of their origin from pronominal undergoer prefixes and the limitations of its use in some languages. Except in West Makian, there is a default classifier and a classifier for trees, and secondarily for houses, in all languages. A classifier for two-dimensional objects is also quite common. The other classifiers are used with a very limited number of nouns. / Språken som talas på norra Halmahera och omkringliggande småöar utgör en grupp av besläktade ’papuanska’ språk som kallas Nord-Halmahera-språk. De ingår också, ihop med andra papuanska och austronesiska språk, i ett antaget sprachbund som kallas för Östra Nusantara. Neutrum-genus ochnumeriska klassificerare har båda föreslagits karakterisera sprachbundet. Således kan en undersökning av substantivklassificering från ett historiskt och typologiskt perspektiv i Nord-Halmahera-språken, som är ämnet för den här studien, vara av intresse för karakteriseringen av sprachbundet. Metoden för undersökningen är att söka efter information för sju språk i existerande grammatiska beskrivningar, kompletterat med information som kan fås från publicerade texter på språken. Det förekommer huvudsakligen två klassificeringssystem i alla de undersökta språken: genus och numeriska klassificerare. Räkneorden innehåller ofta fossiliserade prefix. Bland de numeriska klassificerarna ärmännisko-klassificerarna speciella genom sitt ursprung i pronominella undergoer-prefix och den begränsade användnings-möjligheten i vissa språk. Utom i västmakianska, förekommer en allmän klassificerare och en klassificerare för träd, och sekundärt för hus, i alla språk. En klassificerare för två-dimensionella objekt är också ganska vanlig. Övriga klassificerare används oftast med ett mycket begränsat antal substantiv.

In some languages, vague and exaggerated quantities can be represented using certain conventionalised numeral expressions with cross-linguistically varying values, such as Danish hundredesytten "117". Hyperbolic quantities can also be expressed using other quantifier expressions (such as English zillion) which, while they do not denote a specific numerical value, have both structural and functional similarities with exact numerals.These hyperbolic numerals and quasi-numerals are common in a variety of primarily informal contexts, but have yet to be subject to a systematic cross-linguistic investigation. In this study, hyperbolic numerals and quasi-numeral expressions are extracted from a massively parallel corpus of film and TV subtitles in a convenience sample of 50 languages, using automatic word alignments and seed expressions in 5 languages. Additional expressions are also obtained through elicitation. The collected expressions are subsequently analyzed and categorized to investigate patterns in distribution, value, morphology, function and usage. Findings include a cross-linguistic preference toward certain powers of the numeral base for hyperbolic numerals, and consistent patterns of construction with varying degrees of cross-linguistic prevalence for quasi-numerals. / Obestämda och överdrivna mängder kan i vissa språk uttryckas genom specifika räkneord med tvärspråkligt varierande, exakta numeriska värden, t ex danska hundredesytten "117". Överdrivna mängder kan även uttryckas med andra kvantifieraruttryck (t ex engelska zillion) som liknar räkneord i form och funktion, trots att de inte har något eget numeriskt värde. Dessa hyperboliska räkneord och kvasinumeriska uttryck är vanligt förekommande i informellt språk, men har ännu inte varit föremål för en systematisk tvärspråklig undersökning. I denna studie extraheras hyperboliska räkneord och kvasinumeriska uttryck från en massivt parallell korpus av film- och TV-undertexter i ett bekvämlighetsurval av 50 språk, genom automatisk ordlänkning och seed-uttryck på 5 språk. Ytterligare uttryck samlas in genom elicitering. De identifierade uttrycken analyseras och kategoriseras för att undersöka tvärspråkliga mönster i förekomst, numeriskt värde, morfologi, funktion och användning. Hyperboliska räkneord tenderar tvärspråkligt att föredra vissa potenser av talbasen som värden, och konsekventa mönster (med varierande tvärspråklig frekvens) för konstruktion av kvasinumeriska uttryck identifieras.

This diploma thesis deals with the issues of numerals in the context of teaching Czech as a foreign language. The theoretical part describes the reasons why numerals are so problematic in the process of teaching and the common methodological recommendations for the teaching of numerals are described here as well. The goal of this thesis is to suggest the most suitable way to teach selected numerals along with the related grammatical cases. Numerals in the chosen textbooks of Czech for foreigners and the analysis of the chosen forms in the CzeSL-SGT learner corpora were analysed for this purpose. The analysis of the corpus helps to define the difficult cases in more detail. Based on the analyses, the worksheets were created for the chosen types of numerals that can be used in the teaching process. These materials also contain recommendations for working with the individual activities.