>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The thesis provides a study into the main structural features of the Namaqua Region and their relation to the intrusion of the Keimoes Suite. This was achieved by producing a digitized map of the Namaqua Region structural framework using a LandSAT image and MOVE software for remote sensing. The structural framework showed an array of shear zones and fault systems which trend in a NW-SE direction. The validation of the sense of movement, location and orientation of the shear zones was done by field mapping. The general orientation of all shear zones was NW-SE. The sense of movement along the Neusspruit, Boven Rugzeer and Trooilapspan shear zones was found to be dextral strike slip movement and the Cnydas shear zone had a sinistral strike slip movement. The location of the shear zones were determined by analyzing the deviation in general foliation trend which was visualized using Rose Diagrams. The field data and the remote sensing were found to agree with the transpressive environment of the Namaqua Region. The oblique collision of the Namaqua-Natal crustal block with the Kaapvaal Craton during the orogenic event at ~1.2 Ga created a compressionalgeotectonic setting which allowed for the intrusion of the early to late syn-tectonic Keimoes Suite granites. The lateral escape of the Namaqua-Natal crustal block took place along the western margin of the Kaapvaal Craton. This was brought on by prolonged compression which resulted in the formation of a releasing bend in the Namaqua Region. This releasing bend produced the negative flower structure with dextral shear zones which facilitated the intrusion of the post-tectonic Keimoes Suite granites.

Xylose is an unusual nectar sugar found in the nectar of Protea and Faurea (Proteaceae). Since nectar composition is an important floral characteristic in plant strategies for ensuring reproductive success, the unexplained presence of xylose in Protea nectar prompted this study of the interaction between pollinators and Protea species. Among pollinators that visit Proteaflowers in the south-western Cape Floral Kingdom, South Africa, insects and birds show an aversion to, and are poor assimilators of, xylose, whereas rodents such as Namaqua rock mice Aethomys namaquensis are the only pollinators so far shown to consume xylose willingly, and are able to obtain metabolic energy from this sugar. Mammalian tissues are not capable of catabolizing xylose efficiently, but certain gastrointestinal microflora are, through a process of fermentation which produces short-chain fatty acids used by host animals in oxidative metabolism. I explored mechanisms enabling Aethomys namaquensis to utilize xylose, in particular, the role of resident intestinal microflora in this process. Chapter One discusses pollination syndromes and the definitions thereof, mammal pollination, with particular reference to Australia and South Africa, and explains the rationale behind the questions addressed in this thesis. To assess xylose utilization in wild-caught mice with and without their natural gastrointestinal microflora, an antibiotic treatment was developed (Chapter Two). The veterinary antimicrobial agent, Baytril 10% oral solution, was found to be effective in significantly reducing gut microflora in animals on a four-day treatment protocol. The protocol developed here reduced the gut microflora sufficiently for subsequent experiments comparing xylose utilization in mice with and without intact microflora. Xylose utilization was assessed using 14C-labelled xylose (Chapter Three). Rock mice were caught during Protea humifloraflowering and non-flowering seasons, and fed 14C-labelled xylose. Exhaled CO 2 and excreted urine and faeces were collected, and label recovery determined. These experiments showed that xylose-utilizing bacteria in the rock mouse gut are very important for xylose utilization. More efficient xylose utilization during the flowering season suggests that this component of the gut microflora is inducible. Culturable gut microflora were then isolated from rock mouse faecal and caecal samples, assessed for xylose utilization to identify positive xylose-fermenters and classified by 16S rRNA based taxonomy (Chapter Four). Faecal isolates were Lactobacillus murinus and Enterococcus faecium, and caecal isolates were three Bacillus species, Shigella boydii, one Arthrobacter species and two fungal isolates from Aspergillus and Penicillium genera. The types and concentrations of short-chain fatty acids arising from xylose fermentation by caecal microflora were measured using gas chromatography. The fatty acid profile produced by rock mouse gut microflora is similar to that for other animals that rely on gut microbial fermentation to produce fatty acids then used in oxidative metabolism. Chapter Five concludes with a discussion of possible explanations for the presence of xylose as a nectar sugar, its ecological significance, and the relevance of the fermentative capacity of pollinator digestive systems for xylose utilization in animals. / Thesis (PhD (Zoology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted