This thesis focuses on the interactions between milk proteins (caseins) and tea catechins and the consequences of the interactions on the renneting properties and digestion of casein micelles as well as on the biological functionality of the mixture, as measured using intestinal cell models. The binding of epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) to casein micelles was quantified using HPLC and fluorescence quenching, and it was shown that a substantial amount of EGCG can be incorporated in the casein micelles. At concentrations < 2.5 mg/ml milk, most of the EGCG added to milk was associated with the caseins. The formation of EGCG-casein micelles complexes not only delayed the gelling point of milk, but they also affected the structure formation of the gels. EGCG is known to have antiproliferative activity on colon cancer cells. Although nanoencapsulation of EGCG in casein micelles may have some advantages, such as protecting this bioactive compound from degradation, it may also affect the bioavailability of EGCG. To test this hypothesis, the effect of nanoencapsulation of EGCG in casein micelles on the biological functionality of EGCG was tested by evaluating the cytotoxity and proliferation behaviour of HT-29 colon cancer cells. It was demonstrated that nanoencapsulation did not affect the bioefficacy of EGCG. Similar experiments were also carried out on rat colonic cells, a normal line and its cancerous tranformed line. For this study, nanoencapulated EGCG was subjected to in vitro digbefore absorption. The results showed that EGCG-casein binding did not affect the digestion of the milk proteins. In this case, the bioefficacy of EGCG was not diminished as well. In addition, studies on normal cell lines demonstrated the specific effect of EGCG on cancer cells, favoring normal cell survival whether EGCG was isolated or complexed with milk. These experiments bring further evidence that milk can be employed as an appropriate platform for the delivery of bioactive compounds.

Depuis leur découverte, les nanotubes de carbone (CNT) ont connu de nombreux succès en raison de leurs performances mécaniques, électriques et thermiques exceptionnelles. L'exploitation de ces propriétés requiert néanmoins de pouvoir isoler les CNT, de les manipuler et de les localiser au sein d'un matériau d'architecture plus ou moins complexe. Pour cela, il est souvent nécessaire de disperser les CNT en raison de leur très grande insolubilité dans tout solvant. De nombreuses stratégies de dispersion reposent sur la stabilisation des CNT par des tensioactifs. Cependant, très peu d'études visent à déterminer les forces colloïdales mises en jeu, un des paramètres clés de la dispersion. Ainsi, la dispersion des CNT reste souvent un art plutôt qu'un processus bien contrôlé et maîtrisé. Dans cette étude, le mécanisme d'adsorption en milieu aqueux de quatre tensioactifs usuels a été clarifié, en particulier grâce à la détermination de leur isotherme d'adsorption. En se basant sur les résultats d'adsorption, des dispersions concentrées et sans agrégats de CNT ont été préparées et ensuite utilisées pour la formulation des nanocomposites polymériques. Une seconde méthode de dispersion est basée sur l'encapsulation des CNT par une écorce polymérique. Alors que la majorité de telles méthodes requiert la modification covalente des CNT, ce qui entraîne la détérioration des propriétés des CNT, nous présentons une méthode de dispersion et d'encapsulation des CNT qui ne nécessite pas de modification covalente de leur surface. Cette méthode se base sur l'adsorption physique des polymères préparés par polymérisation par transfert de chaîne de type addition et fragmentation, appelée polymérisation RAFT. Cette procédure d'encapsulation est versatile et permet la formation d'une couche polymérique homogène et continue sur la surface des CNT. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : nanotubes de carbone (CNT), dispersion, isotherme d'adsorption, encapsulation, polymérisation RAFT.

L’utilisation non raisonnée d’insecticides a des conséquences sur l’environnement et la santé humaine mais aussi sur le développement de résistances chez les insectes nuisibles. Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse porte sur le développement d'une technique de nanoencapsulation d'un agent synergisant chimique, la deltaméthrine (pyréthrinoide), associé un pro-insecticide l’indoxacarbe (oxadiazine). Sur la base d’études in vitro sur cellules neurosecrétrices de blattes (Periplaneta americana), une action synergique entre la deltaméthrine et le DCJW (métabolite actif de l’indoxacarbe) a été démontrée via un mécanisme intracellulaire original dépendant du calcium. Des études toxicologiques in vivo sur des blattes adultes ont permis de confirmer l’effet synergique entre la deltaméthrine et l’indoxacarbe. Pour optimiser la formulation de l’association de ces composés, des nanocapsules lipidiques contenant la deltaméthrine utilisée comme agent synergisant ont été produites. Les études de toxicité sur blattes ont permis de déterminer les doses effectives les plus faibles de l’association deltaméthrine nanoencapsulée/indoxacarbe et d’obtenir une optimisation de l’effet synergique avec la deltaméthrine nanoencapsulée. Cet effet synergique est plus important que celui du piperonyl butoxyde, composé utilisé dans les formulations d'insecticides classiques. Les résultats indiquent que la deltaméthrine, protégée des estérases par la nanoencapsulation, permet d’optimiser l’efficacité du traitement tout en réduisant les doses d’indoxacarbe. Cette nouvelle stratégie est une première étape dans le développement d'une formulation phytosanitaire efficace contre les insectes nuisibles. / The over-use of pesticides has represented a concern not only for its consequences against the environment but also for the increase in resistance mechanisms in pest insects. In this context, our research project is focused on the development of a nanoencapsulation technique of a deltamethrin (pyrethroid), used as synergistic agent, combined with a pro-insecticide indoxacarb (oxadiazine). Based on in vitro studies performed on cockroach (Periplaneta americana) neurosecretory cells, synergistic effect between deltamethrin and DCJW (active metabolite of indoxacarb) has been characterized, occurring through an original calcium-dependent intracellular mechanism. In vivo toxicological studies on adult cockroaches have confirmed these previous results. To optimize the formulation including the synergistic agent and indoxacarb, lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) containing deltamethrin have been developed. It has been possible to determine the lower effective doses of LNC-deltamethrin/indoxacarb mixture producing the synergistic effect in whole insects. The synergism obtained is more important than that of obtained with piperonil butoxide (PBO), the well-known synergist used in classical insecticide formulations. The results also indicate that LNC-deltamethrin, protected from esterase-induced detoxification enhances the toxicity of indoxacarb while reducing doses. This novel strategy is a first step for the development of a novel formulation more efficient against pest insects.

Currently, therapeutic proteins and peptides are delivered subcutaneously, as they are readily denatured in the acidic, protease rich environment of the stomach or gastrointestinal track and low bioavailability results from poor intestinal absorption through the paracellular route. Encapsulation of therapeutic peptides and proteins into polymeric micro- and nano- particle systems has been proposed as a possible strategy to overcome limitations to oral protein administration. Furthermore, it was shown that nanoparticles having diameters less than 5µm are able to be taken up by the M cells of Peyer’s patches found in intestinal mucosa . However, the current methodologies to produce particles within desired range involves organic solvents and several steps. In this study, spray drying was investigated as a microencapsulation alternative, as it offers the potential for single step operation, producing dry particles, with the potential for extending the microparticle size into the nano-range. The particles were produced by spray drying of alginate/protein solutions. The effect of spray drying operational parameters on particle properties such as recovery, residual activity and particle size was studied. Particle recovery depended on the inlet temperature of the drying air, whereas the particle size was affected by the feed rate and the alginate concentration of the feed solution. Increase in alginate:protein ratio increased protein stability during the process and shelf live experiments. Presence of 0.2 g trehalose/g particle increased the residual activity up to 90%. The resulting spherical micro and nanoparticles had smooth surfaces. Stable glycol-chitosan-ca-alginate particles were produced with single step operation. The resulting particles had mean diameter around 3.5μm and released 35% of the initial protein content to the simulated stomach environment within 2 hours. The protein distribution within the particle was studied by confocal laser scanning microscope with florescent labeled protein. The image showed protein deposition toward the surface of the particles. Total drying time and Peclet number was calculated for the particles and found to be 8.5 ms and 240, which indicates that particle formation was governed mainly by convection, which resulted in a hollow central region and protein distribution toward the particle surface. This study shows that stable alginate particles containing proteins can be produced in a single step by spray drying, where the particles had a mean size lower than the critical diameter necessary to be orally absorbed by M cell’s of the Peyer’s patches in the gastrointestinal tract and thus can be considered as a promising technology for oral peptide and protein delivery. / Thesis (Master, Chemical Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2007-10-30 12:20:47.728

No description available.

A L-Asparaginase (ASNase) é um importante agente quimioterapêutico utilizado para o tratamento da leucemia linfoblástica aguda (ALL) há mais de 40 anos. No entanto, devido à origem biológica da ASNase, enzima produzida por Escherichia coli, problemas como a imunogenicidade e baixa meia vida-plasmática devem ser considerados. Com o objetivo de minimizar essas desvantagens, várias ASNases homólogas bem como formulações de ASNase de E. coli foram investigadas. Nenhuma das formulações desenvolvidas, entretanto, foi capaz de resolver definitivamente esses problemas associados à sua origem. Nesse sentido, considerando os recentes avanços na ciência de polímeros com a possibilidade do obtenção de vesículas poliméricas usando copolímeros, este trabalho concentrou-se no desenvolvimento de polimerossomos de poli(etileno glicol)-b-poli(&#949;-caprolactona) (PEG-PCL) para encapsular a ASNase. Diversas condições experimentais foram investigadas e, ao final, os polimerossomos foram produzidos pela técnica de hidratação do filme polimérico utilizando a centrifugação como técnica de pós-filme para remoção de copolímero precipitado, produzindo assim vesículas polímericas de 120 a 200nm com PDI de aproximadamente 0,250. A eficiência de encapsulação da ASNase, utilizando as metodologias de centrifugação ou cromatografia de exclusão molecular, revelou taxas de encapsulação de 20-25% e 1 a 7%, repectivamente. Esses resultados apontam a importância de se determinar a eficiência de encapsulação por cromatografia de exclusão molecular ou método direto no caso de nanoestruturas auto-agregadas formadas por copolímeros, devido a valores superestimados com o emprego da centrifugação. Ainda que estudos complementares se façam necessários para liberação da enzima encapsulada ou penetração da L-asparagina nas vesículas, nossos resultados demonstram o potencial de polimerossomos para veiculação de ASNase, bem como de outras proteínas terapêuticas. / L-Asparaginase (ASNase) is an important chemotherapeutic agent used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) for more than 40 years. However, due to the biological origin of ASNase (produced by Escherichia coli) some drawbacks such as immunogenicity and low plasma half life are present. In order to minimize the disadvantages, several ASNases proteoforms and formulations of E. coli ASNase were investigated. However, none of this formulations completely solved the main drawbacks of ASNase. In this sense, considering the recents advances in polymers science with the possibility to develop polymeric vesicles using copolymers, this work aimed at the development of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(&#949;-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL) vesicles to encapsulate ASNase. Different experimental conditions were investigated and, the final polymersomes formulation was prepared by film hydratation using centrifugation as a post-film technique to remove the bulky coplymer. Polymeric vesicles of 120 to 200nm with PDI of approximately, 0.250 were obtained. The encapsulation efficiency of ASNase was determined indirectly by centrifugation and directly by size exclusion chromatography, resulting in encapsulation rates of 20-25% and 1 to 7%, respectively. These results indicate the importance of determining the efficiency of encapsulation by size exclusion chromatography or direct method in the case of self-aggregated nanostructures formed by copolymers, due to values overestimated with the use of centrifugation. Our results point to the potential of polymersomes for ASNase delivery, as well as other therapeutic proteins. Nonetheless, complimentary studies are still necessary for ASNase release or L-asparagine penetration into the vesicles.

A L-Asparaginase (ASNase) é um importante agente quimioterapêutico utilizado para o tratamento da leucemia linfoblástica aguda (ALL) há mais de 40 anos. No entanto, devido à origem biológica da ASNase, enzima produzida por Escherichia coli, problemas como a imunogenicidade e baixa meia vida-plasmática devem ser considerados. Com o objetivo de minimizar essas desvantagens, várias ASNases homólogas bem como formulações de ASNase de E. coli foram investigadas. Nenhuma das formulações desenvolvidas, entretanto, foi capaz de resolver definitivamente esses problemas associados à sua origem. Nesse sentido, considerando os recentes avanços na ciência de polímeros com a possibilidade do obtenção de vesículas poliméricas usando copolímeros, este trabalho concentrou-se no desenvolvimento de polimerossomos de poli(etileno glicol)-b-poli(&#949;-caprolactona) (PEG-PCL) para encapsular a ASNase. Diversas condições experimentais foram investigadas e, ao final, os polimerossomos foram produzidos pela técnica de hidratação do filme polimérico utilizando a centrifugação como técnica de pós-filme para remoção de copolímero precipitado, produzindo assim vesículas polímericas de 120 a 200nm com PDI de aproximadamente 0,250. A eficiência de encapsulação da ASNase, utilizando as metodologias de centrifugação ou cromatografia de exclusão molecular, revelou taxas de encapsulação de 20-25% e 1 a 7%, repectivamente. Esses resultados apontam a importância de se determinar a eficiência de encapsulação por cromatografia de exclusão molecular ou método direto no caso de nanoestruturas auto-agregadas formadas por copolímeros, devido a valores superestimados com o emprego da centrifugação. Ainda que estudos complementares se façam necessários para liberação da enzima encapsulada ou penetração da L-asparagina nas vesículas, nossos resultados demonstram o potencial de polimerossomos para veiculação de ASNase, bem como de outras proteínas terapêuticas. / L-Asparaginase (ASNase) is an important chemotherapeutic agent used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) for more than 40 years. However, due to the biological origin of ASNase (produced by Escherichia coli) some drawbacks such as immunogenicity and low plasma half life are present. In order to minimize the disadvantages, several ASNases proteoforms and formulations of E. coli ASNase were investigated. However, none of this formulations completely solved the main drawbacks of ASNase. In this sense, considering the recents advances in polymers science with the possibility to develop polymeric vesicles using copolymers, this work aimed at the development of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(&#949;-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL) vesicles to encapsulate ASNase. Different experimental conditions were investigated and, the final polymersomes formulation was prepared by film hydratation using centrifugation as a post-film technique to remove the bulky coplymer. Polymeric vesicles of 120 to 200nm with PDI of approximately, 0.250 were obtained. The encapsulation efficiency of ASNase was determined indirectly by centrifugation and directly by size exclusion chromatography, resulting in encapsulation rates of 20-25% and 1 to 7%, respectively. These results indicate the importance of determining the efficiency of encapsulation by size exclusion chromatography or direct method in the case of self-aggregated nanostructures formed by copolymers, due to values overestimated with the use of centrifugation. Our results point to the potential of polymersomes for ASNase delivery, as well as other therapeutic proteins. Nonetheless, complimentary studies are still necessary for ASNase release or L-asparagine penetration into the vesicles.

Filmes biodegradáveis são uma alternativa ao uso de embalagens não biodegradáveis, relacionado ao aumento do uso deste material, impacto e descarte inadequado. Para produção de filmes diversos polímeros podem ser utilizados, em que o amido apresenta boas características e propriedades para obtenção. A adição de antioxidantes naturais nanoencapsulados, como carotenoides, pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de filmes biodegradáveis com atividade antioxidante, com maior estabilidade e solubilidade destes compostos. Assim, filmes biodegradáveis ativos foram obtidos a partir do amido de mandioca com adição de licopeno ou β-caroteno livres e nanoencapsulados. Diferentes formulações foram desenvolvidas, nos quais os antioxidantes naturais livres ou nanoencapsulados foram adicionados a mesma concentração. Os filmes com adição dos pigmentos nanoencapsulados apresentaram características diferentes da adição dos pigmentos livres, com maior espessura, permeabilidade ao vapor de água, opacidade, propriedades mecânicas, menor transmissão de luz UV/Vis e maior interação do aditivo com a matriz. Os filmes com nanocápsulas também apresentaram maior efeito protetor sobre a estabilidade do óleo de girassol armazenado sob condição acelerada de oxidação, com menor formação de produtos de oxidação e potencial aplicação como embalagem de alimentos. Os filmes foram utilizados para avaliar a estabilidade oxidativa de manteiga, que apresentou maior estabilidade e manutenção da qualidade durante o armazenamento sob incidência de luz quando armazenada nos filmes com adição de nanocápsulas. Além disso, independente da adição de licopeno ou β-caroteno livres e nanoencapsulados, todos os filmes apresentaram estabilidade térmica e rápida biodegradabilidade após 15 dias. Filmes biodegradáveis com adição de carotenoides, licopeno e β-caroteno, apresentaram resultados promissores para o desenvolvimento de embalagens com antioxidantes naturais e manutenção da estabilidade de alimentos com alto teor de gordura durante o armazenamento. / Biodegradable films are an alternative to use of non-biodegradable packaging, related to increased use of this material, impact and inappropriate disposal. For film production, various polymers may be used, wherein the starch has good characteristics and properties for obtaining. The addition of natural nanoencapsulated antioxidants, such as carotenoids, may aid the development of biodegradable films with antioxidant activity, with greater stability and solubility of these compounds. Thus, active biodegradable films were obtained from cassava starch with the addition of free and nanoencapsulated lycopene or β-carotene. Different formulations were developed, where free or nanoencapsulated natural antioxidants were added at the same concentration. The films with the addition of nanoencapsulated pigments presented different characteristics of free pigment addition, with greater thickness, permeability to water vapor, opacity, mechanical properties, lower transmission of UV/Vis light and greater interaction of the additive with the matrix. The films with nanocapsules also had a greater protective effect on the stability of the sunflower oil stored under accelerated oxidation conditions, with less formation of oxidation products and potential application as food packaging. The films were used to evaluate the oxidative stability of butter, which presented higher stability and maintenance of the quality during storage under light incidence when stored in the films with the addition of nanocapsules. In addition, independent of the addition of free and nanoencapsulated lycopene or β-carotene, all films showed thermal stability and rapid biodegradability after 15 days. Biodegradable films with the addition of carotenoids, lycopene and β-carotene, presented promising results for the development of packages with natural antioxidants and maintenance of the stability of foods with high-fat content during storage.

Filmes biodegradáveis são uma alternativa ao uso de embalagens não biodegradáveis, relacionado ao aumento do uso deste material, impacto e descarte inadequado. Para produção de filmes diversos polímeros podem ser utilizados, em que o amido apresenta boas características e propriedades para obtenção. A adição de antioxidantes naturais nanoencapsulados, como carotenoides, pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de filmes biodegradáveis com atividade antioxidante, com maior estabilidade e solubilidade destes compostos. Assim, filmes biodegradáveis ativos foram obtidos a partir do amido de mandioca com adição de licopeno ou β-caroteno livres e nanoencapsulados. Diferentes formulações foram desenvolvidas, nos quais os antioxidantes naturais livres ou nanoencapsulados foram adicionados a mesma concentração. Os filmes com adição dos pigmentos nanoencapsulados apresentaram características diferentes da adição dos pigmentos livres, com maior espessura, permeabilidade ao vapor de água, opacidade, propriedades mecânicas, menor transmissão de luz UV/Vis e maior interação do aditivo com a matriz. Os filmes com nanocápsulas também apresentaram maior efeito protetor sobre a estabilidade do óleo de girassol armazenado sob condição acelerada de oxidação, com menor formação de produtos de oxidação e potencial aplicação como embalagem de alimentos. Os filmes foram utilizados para avaliar a estabilidade oxidativa de manteiga, que apresentou maior estabilidade e manutenção da qualidade durante o armazenamento sob incidência de luz quando armazenada nos filmes com adição de nanocápsulas. Além disso, independente da adição de licopeno ou β-caroteno livres e nanoencapsulados, todos os filmes apresentaram estabilidade térmica e rápida biodegradabilidade após 15 dias. Filmes biodegradáveis com adição de carotenoides, licopeno e β-caroteno, apresentaram resultados promissores para o desenvolvimento de embalagens com antioxidantes naturais e manutenção da estabilidade de alimentos com alto teor de gordura durante o armazenamento. / Biodegradable films are an alternative to use of non-biodegradable packaging, related to increased use of this material, impact and inappropriate disposal. For film production, various polymers may be used, wherein the starch has good characteristics and properties for obtaining. The addition of natural nanoencapsulated antioxidants, such as carotenoids, may aid the development of biodegradable films with antioxidant activity, with greater stability and solubility of these compounds. Thus, active biodegradable films were obtained from cassava starch with the addition of free and nanoencapsulated lycopene or β-carotene. Different formulations were developed, where free or nanoencapsulated natural antioxidants were added at the same concentration. The films with the addition of nanoencapsulated pigments presented different characteristics of free pigment addition, with greater thickness, permeability to water vapor, opacity, mechanical properties, lower transmission of UV/Vis light and greater interaction of the additive with the matrix. The films with nanocapsules also had a greater protective effect on the stability of the sunflower oil stored under accelerated oxidation conditions, with less formation of oxidation products and potential application as food packaging. The films were used to evaluate the oxidative stability of butter, which presented higher stability and maintenance of the quality during storage under light incidence when stored in the films with the addition of nanocapsules. In addition, independent of the addition of free and nanoencapsulated lycopene or β-carotene, all films showed thermal stability and rapid biodegradability after 15 days. Biodegradable films with the addition of carotenoids, lycopene and β-carotene, presented promising results for the development of packages with natural antioxidants and maintenance of the stability of foods with high-fat content during storage.

Filmes biodegradáveis são uma alternativa ao uso de embalagens não biodegradáveis, relacionado ao aumento do uso deste material, impacto e descarte inadequado. Para produção de filmes diversos polímeros podem ser utilizados, em que o amido apresenta boas características e propriedades para obtenção. A adição de antioxidantes naturais nanoencapsulados, como carotenoides, pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de filmes biodegradáveis com atividade antioxidante, com maior estabilidade e solubilidade destes compostos. Assim, filmes biodegradáveis ativos foram obtidos a partir do amido de mandioca com adição de licopeno ou β-caroteno livres e nanoencapsulados. Diferentes formulações foram desenvolvidas, nos quais os antioxidantes naturais livres ou nanoencapsulados foram adicionados a mesma concentração. Os filmes com adição dos pigmentos nanoencapsulados apresentaram características diferentes da adição dos pigmentos livres, com maior espessura, permeabilidade ao vapor de água, opacidade, propriedades mecânicas, menor transmissão de luz UV/Vis e maior interação do aditivo com a matriz. Os filmes com nanocápsulas também apresentaram maior efeito protetor sobre a estabilidade do óleo de girassol armazenado sob condição acelerada de oxidação, com menor formação de produtos de oxidação e potencial aplicação como embalagem de alimentos. Os filmes foram utilizados para avaliar a estabilidade oxidativa de manteiga, que apresentou maior estabilidade e manutenção da qualidade durante o armazenamento sob incidência de luz quando armazenada nos filmes com adição de nanocápsulas. Além disso, independente da adição de licopeno ou β-caroteno livres e nanoencapsulados, todos os filmes apresentaram estabilidade térmica e rápida biodegradabilidade após 15 dias. Filmes biodegradáveis com adição de carotenoides, licopeno e β-caroteno, apresentaram resultados promissores para o desenvolvimento de embalagens com antioxidantes naturais e manutenção da estabilidade de alimentos com alto teor de gordura durante o armazenamento. / Biodegradable films are an alternative to use of non-biodegradable packaging, related to increased use of this material, impact and inappropriate disposal. For film production, various polymers may be used, wherein the starch has good characteristics and properties for obtaining. The addition of natural nanoencapsulated antioxidants, such as carotenoids, may aid the development of biodegradable films with antioxidant activity, with greater stability and solubility of these compounds. Thus, active biodegradable films were obtained from cassava starch with the addition of free and nanoencapsulated lycopene or β-carotene. Different formulations were developed, where free or nanoencapsulated natural antioxidants were added at the same concentration. The films with the addition of nanoencapsulated pigments presented different characteristics of free pigment addition, with greater thickness, permeability to water vapor, opacity, mechanical properties, lower transmission of UV/Vis light and greater interaction of the additive with the matrix. The films with nanocapsules also had a greater protective effect on the stability of the sunflower oil stored under accelerated oxidation conditions, with less formation of oxidation products and potential application as food packaging. The films were used to evaluate the oxidative stability of butter, which presented higher stability and maintenance of the quality during storage under light incidence when stored in the films with the addition of nanocapsules. In addition, independent of the addition of free and nanoencapsulated lycopene or β-carotene, all films showed thermal stability and rapid biodegradability after 15 days. Biodegradable films with the addition of carotenoids, lycopene and β-carotene, presented promising results for the development of packages with natural antioxidants and maintenance of the stability of foods with high-fat content during storage.