Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC) are attractive power sources as they offer high conversion efficiencies with low or no pollution. However, the most commonly used platinum electrocatalyst is expensive and the world supply of Pt is limited. In addition, the slow oxygen reduction and methanol oxidation kinetics as well as the poisoning of the Pt catalyst at the cathode resulting from methanol permeation from the anode through the Nafion membrane to the cathode lead to significant performance loss. Also, the electrocatalyst utilization in the electrodes also needs to be improved to reduce the overall cost of the electrocatalysts and improve the fuel cell performance. This dissertation explores nanostructured Pt alloys with lower cost and higher catalytic activity than Pt for oxygen reduction in PEMFC to understand the effect of synthesis and structure on the catalytic activity, methanol tolerant Pt/TiOx nanocomposites for oxygen reduction in DMFC, nanostructured Pt-Ru alloys for methanol oxidation in DMFC, and improvement in the utilization of Pt by optimizing the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) fabrication. From a systematic investigation of a series of Pt-M alloys (M = Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu), the catalytic activity of Pt-M alloys is correlated with the extent of atomic ordering. More ordered Pt alloys exhibit higher catalytic activity than disordered Pt alloys. The higher activity of the ordered Pt alloys is found to relate to various factors including the Pt-Pt distance, Pt: 5d orbital vacancy, {100} planar density and surface atomic configuration. The catalytic activity of the Pt alloys is also influenced by the synthesis method. Low temperature solution methods usually result in smaller particle size and higher surface area, while high temperature routes result in larger particle size and lower surface area but with a greater extent of alloying. Pt/TiOx/C nanocomposites exhibit higher performance than Pt for oxygen reduction in DMFC. The nanocomposites show higher electrchochemical surface area, lower charge transfer resistance, and higher methanol tolerance than Pt. Pt-Ru alloy synthesized by a reverse microemulsion method exhibits higher catalytic surface area than the commercial Pt-Ru. The higher catalytic activity is attributed to a better control of the particle size, crystallinity, and microstructure. Membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) fabricated by a modified thin film method exhibit much higher electrocatalyst utilization efficiency and performance than the conventional MEAs in PEMFC. Power densities of 715 and 610 mW/cm2 are obtained at a Pt loading of, respectively, 0.1 and 0.05 mg/cm2 and 90 oC. The higher electrocatalyst utilization is attributed to the thin catalyst layer and a better continuity of the membrane/catalysts layer interface compared to that in the conventional MEAs. / text