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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Membranas eletroativas nanoestruturadas: estudo de transporte de carga e imobilização enzimática / Electroactive nanostructured membranes

Crespilho, Frank Nelson 26 February 2007 (has links)
Esta tese aborda quatro tópicos fundamentais para o desenvolvimento e aplicação de membranas eletroativas nanoestruturadas (MENs): (i) síntese e caracterização de nanopartículas (Nps) de prata, ouro e platina encapsuladas em moléculas de dendrímero poliamidoamina geração 4 (PAMAM); (ii) preparação de filmes automontados contendo PAMAM e Nps de ouro (PAMAM-Au); (iii) preparação de MENs utilizando sistema core-shell PAMAM-Au@Me, onde Me é um mediador redox; (iv) imobilização enzimática em MENs e estudos biocatalíticos associados a processos eletroquímicos. As Nps foram caracterizadas observando-se a banda plasmônica em espectros na região do UV-Vis. Imagens de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão revelaram que PAMAM-Au e PAMAM-Pt possuem morfologias esféricas, enquanto o PAMAM-Ag forma grandes cristais com estruturas fractais. Estruturas cúbicas de face centrada caracterizaram os cristais formados de Au e Pt, sendo possível estimar os diâmetros (3,0 nm) das Nps pela equação de Scherrer em difratogramas de raios X, confirmados posteriormente por microscopia eletrônica por transmissão (TEM). Um indício de estabilização por encapsulamento do híbrido PAMAM-Au foi obtido de espectros de infravermelho (FTIR), a partir de modificações nas bandas das amidas. A cinética de reação para formação de PAMAM-Au também foi estudada. Filmes de PVS/PAMAM-Au (onde PVS é o poli(ácidovinilssulfônico)) foram preparados com 5 minutos de imersão, com a mesma quantidade de material sendo adsorvida em cada camada, segundo medidas de espectroscopia UV-Vis e voltametria cíclica (CV). No caso do eletrodo ITO-(PVS/PAMAM-Au), saltos de elétrons foram considerados o mecanismo de transporte de carga ao longo do filme. Um novo sistema core-shell Au@PB foi preparado, formando um sistema ITO-(PVS/PAMAM-Au)6@PB, em que a eletrodeposição de PB (azul da Prússia) foi monitorada medindo-se as correntes faradaicas durante os ciclos potenciodinâmicos. Outros mediadores de hexacianoferratos de metais de transição (Fe, Ni, Co e Cu) foram obtidos sobre eletrodos de ITO-(PVS/PAMAM-Au). De resultados de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIS), verificou-se que a resistência de transporte de carga decresce na sequência CuHCF > FeHCF > NiHCF > CoHCF e todos os eletrodos apresentaram atividade catalítica para o peróxido de hidrogênio. Uma nova configuração de eletrodo, ITO-(PVS/PAMAM-Au)3@CoHCF-GOx, pôde ser aplicada como dispositivo enzimático, com a glicose oxidase (GOx) sendo imobilizada por drop-coating na superfície do eletrodo e aplicada em experimentos de biocatálise. A glicose pôde ser detectada a 0,0 V (Ag/AgCl), com resposta linear até 100 µmol L-1 de glicose, sensibilidade de 115 nA mmol L-1, limite de detecção de 5,5 µmol L-1 e KMapp de 0,24 mmol L-1, mostrando que o sistema aqui proposto cria um ambiente propício para a enzima operar com alta atividade catalítica. / This thesis addresses four fundamental topics for producing and applying electroactive nanostructured membranes (ENMs): (i) synthesis of Au, Pt and Ag nanoparticles (Nps) using polyamidoamine (PAMAM generation 4) dendrimers as template/stabilizers; (ii) fabrication of layer-by-layer (LbL) films comprising PAMAM with AuNps (PAMAM-Au) and poly(vinylsulfonic acid) (PVS); (iii) preparation of a new core-shell system with Prussian blue (PB) around the Au nanoparticles (PAMAM-Au@PB); (iv) enzyme immobilization on ENMs and bioelectrochemistry studies. The formation of the Nps inside PAMAM was monitored by measuring the plasmonic band of NPs via UV-Vis spectroscopy. Images from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed well-organized Au and Pt spherical particles, with average diameter of 3 nm and narrow size distribution. In addition, X-ray diffraction of Nps enabled easy identification of the Nps atomic planes (face-centered cubic arrangements). However, PAMAMAg growth showed fractals structures. In order to confirm Au NPs encapsulation inside the PAMAM dendrimer, FTIR spectra in the transmission mode for neat PAMAM and PAMAM-Au were compared. The kinetics of formation of PAMAM-Au was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The deposition of individual PAMAM-Au layers was examined in detail: the adsorption kinetics was determined by CV to be first-order and that 5 min of adsorption was sufficient for maximum coverage. Formation of PVS/PAMAM-Au multilayers showed a linear increase in anodic and cathodic peak currents, indicating that the same amount of material was adsorbed in each deposition step. Electron-hopping was inferred as the charge transport mechanism between PAMAM-Au layers. Using hexacyanoferrate (III) to probe the electrochemical reaction at the electrode surface, the charge transport in the PAMAM-Au layers was shown to be faster than for non-modified electrodes. A new system based on PAMAM-Au@PB was prepared by simple potential cycling electrodeposition after ITO-PVS/PAMAM-Au LbL film preparation. New systems are described based on ENM membranes of ITOPVS/ PAMAM-Au LbL electrodes, with a redox mediator (Me) electrodeposited around Au nanoparticles. The resulting ITO-PVS/PAMAM-Au@Me system was then characterised electrochemically using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We demonstrated that the concept of ENM can be generalized to a wider variety of redox mediators. All electrodes modified with hexacyanoferrates showed electrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen peroxide, which is promising for the preparation of nanodevices requiring redox mediators. An electrochemical enzyme device with glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized at ITO-(PVS/PAMAM-Au)3@CoHCF ENM was developed. Using CoHCF as redox mediator, hydrogen peroxide (the enzymatic reaction product) was determined at 0.0 V (vs. SCE), with linear range up to 100 Zmol L-1 of glucose, sensitivity of 115 nA mmol L-1, detection limit of 5.5 Zmol L-1 and KM app of 0.24 mmol L-1. Such a performance indicates that this system promotes a friendly environment for enzyme immobilization.
2

Membranas eletroativas nanoestruturadas: estudo de transporte de carga e imobilização enzimática / Electroactive nanostructured membranes

Frank Nelson Crespilho 26 February 2007 (has links)
Esta tese aborda quatro tópicos fundamentais para o desenvolvimento e aplicação de membranas eletroativas nanoestruturadas (MENs): (i) síntese e caracterização de nanopartículas (Nps) de prata, ouro e platina encapsuladas em moléculas de dendrímero poliamidoamina geração 4 (PAMAM); (ii) preparação de filmes automontados contendo PAMAM e Nps de ouro (PAMAM-Au); (iii) preparação de MENs utilizando sistema core-shell PAMAM-Au@Me, onde Me é um mediador redox; (iv) imobilização enzimática em MENs e estudos biocatalíticos associados a processos eletroquímicos. As Nps foram caracterizadas observando-se a banda plasmônica em espectros na região do UV-Vis. Imagens de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão revelaram que PAMAM-Au e PAMAM-Pt possuem morfologias esféricas, enquanto o PAMAM-Ag forma grandes cristais com estruturas fractais. Estruturas cúbicas de face centrada caracterizaram os cristais formados de Au e Pt, sendo possível estimar os diâmetros (3,0 nm) das Nps pela equação de Scherrer em difratogramas de raios X, confirmados posteriormente por microscopia eletrônica por transmissão (TEM). Um indício de estabilização por encapsulamento do híbrido PAMAM-Au foi obtido de espectros de infravermelho (FTIR), a partir de modificações nas bandas das amidas. A cinética de reação para formação de PAMAM-Au também foi estudada. Filmes de PVS/PAMAM-Au (onde PVS é o poli(ácidovinilssulfônico)) foram preparados com 5 minutos de imersão, com a mesma quantidade de material sendo adsorvida em cada camada, segundo medidas de espectroscopia UV-Vis e voltametria cíclica (CV). No caso do eletrodo ITO-(PVS/PAMAM-Au), saltos de elétrons foram considerados o mecanismo de transporte de carga ao longo do filme. Um novo sistema core-shell Au@PB foi preparado, formando um sistema ITO-(PVS/PAMAM-Au)6@PB, em que a eletrodeposição de PB (azul da Prússia) foi monitorada medindo-se as correntes faradaicas durante os ciclos potenciodinâmicos. Outros mediadores de hexacianoferratos de metais de transição (Fe, Ni, Co e Cu) foram obtidos sobre eletrodos de ITO-(PVS/PAMAM-Au). De resultados de espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica (EIS), verificou-se que a resistência de transporte de carga decresce na sequência CuHCF > FeHCF > NiHCF > CoHCF e todos os eletrodos apresentaram atividade catalítica para o peróxido de hidrogênio. Uma nova configuração de eletrodo, ITO-(PVS/PAMAM-Au)3@CoHCF-GOx, pôde ser aplicada como dispositivo enzimático, com a glicose oxidase (GOx) sendo imobilizada por drop-coating na superfície do eletrodo e aplicada em experimentos de biocatálise. A glicose pôde ser detectada a 0,0 V (Ag/AgCl), com resposta linear até 100 µmol L-1 de glicose, sensibilidade de 115 nA mmol L-1, limite de detecção de 5,5 µmol L-1 e KMapp de 0,24 mmol L-1, mostrando que o sistema aqui proposto cria um ambiente propício para a enzima operar com alta atividade catalítica. / This thesis addresses four fundamental topics for producing and applying electroactive nanostructured membranes (ENMs): (i) synthesis of Au, Pt and Ag nanoparticles (Nps) using polyamidoamine (PAMAM generation 4) dendrimers as template/stabilizers; (ii) fabrication of layer-by-layer (LbL) films comprising PAMAM with AuNps (PAMAM-Au) and poly(vinylsulfonic acid) (PVS); (iii) preparation of a new core-shell system with Prussian blue (PB) around the Au nanoparticles (PAMAM-Au@PB); (iv) enzyme immobilization on ENMs and bioelectrochemistry studies. The formation of the Nps inside PAMAM was monitored by measuring the plasmonic band of NPs via UV-Vis spectroscopy. Images from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed well-organized Au and Pt spherical particles, with average diameter of 3 nm and narrow size distribution. In addition, X-ray diffraction of Nps enabled easy identification of the Nps atomic planes (face-centered cubic arrangements). However, PAMAMAg growth showed fractals structures. In order to confirm Au NPs encapsulation inside the PAMAM dendrimer, FTIR spectra in the transmission mode for neat PAMAM and PAMAM-Au were compared. The kinetics of formation of PAMAM-Au was studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The deposition of individual PAMAM-Au layers was examined in detail: the adsorption kinetics was determined by CV to be first-order and that 5 min of adsorption was sufficient for maximum coverage. Formation of PVS/PAMAM-Au multilayers showed a linear increase in anodic and cathodic peak currents, indicating that the same amount of material was adsorbed in each deposition step. Electron-hopping was inferred as the charge transport mechanism between PAMAM-Au layers. Using hexacyanoferrate (III) to probe the electrochemical reaction at the electrode surface, the charge transport in the PAMAM-Au layers was shown to be faster than for non-modified electrodes. A new system based on PAMAM-Au@PB was prepared by simple potential cycling electrodeposition after ITO-PVS/PAMAM-Au LbL film preparation. New systems are described based on ENM membranes of ITOPVS/ PAMAM-Au LbL electrodes, with a redox mediator (Me) electrodeposited around Au nanoparticles. The resulting ITO-PVS/PAMAM-Au@Me system was then characterised electrochemically using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We demonstrated that the concept of ENM can be generalized to a wider variety of redox mediators. All electrodes modified with hexacyanoferrates showed electrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen peroxide, which is promising for the preparation of nanodevices requiring redox mediators. An electrochemical enzyme device with glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized at ITO-(PVS/PAMAM-Au)3@CoHCF ENM was developed. Using CoHCF as redox mediator, hydrogen peroxide (the enzymatic reaction product) was determined at 0.0 V (vs. SCE), with linear range up to 100 Zmol L-1 of glucose, sensitivity of 115 nA mmol L-1, detection limit of 5.5 Zmol L-1 and KM app of 0.24 mmol L-1. Such a performance indicates that this system promotes a friendly environment for enzyme immobilization.
3

Nouveaux Ionomères aromatiques nanostructurés pour les piles à combustible / New aromatic ionomer for fuel cells applications

Assumma, Luca 29 January 2014 (has links)
Ces travaux ont été dédiés à la synthèse et la caractérisation de nouveaux ionomères aromatiques à blocs pour les PEMFC. Les blocs hydrophiles sont constitués par des polysufones fonctionnalisés par des chaînes latérales alkylperfluorosulfoniques, les blocs hydrophobes sont des polysulfones partiellement fluorés. La synthèse du squelette polymère a été réalisée par de polycondensation, les fonctions ioniques ont été greffées par un couplage d'Ullmann. Trois ionomères de différentes capacités d'échange ionique ont été synthétisés en modulant les longueurs des blocs porteurs des fonctions alkylperflurosulfoniques. Ces ionomères ont été mis en œuvre sous forme de membranes par coulée-évaporation. L'impact du solvant d'élaboration et de la structure chimique des ionomères sur la morphologie et les propriétés intrinsèques des membranes ont été largement étudiés. Le solvant de mise en œuvre de la membrane a un effet spectaculaire sur l'organisation des chaînes polymères à l'échelle nanométrique. Les études par diffusion des neutrons aux petits angles montrent que la morphologie des membranes est dépendante de la longueur des blocs hydrophiles. Les propriétés thermomécaniques et les conductivités protoniques des membranes ionomères aromatiques sont supérieures au Nafion, au-delà de 60°C, ce qui les rend prometteuses pour l'application PEMFC opérant à plus de 100°C. / The purpose of this work was the synthesis and characterization of new aromatic ionomers for PEMFC. The ionomers are based on block copolymers containing hydrophilic blocks, functionalised with a perfluorinated acid, and hydrophobic blocks containing partially perfluorinated aromatic rings. The polymer main chain was performed by polycondensation reaction. The acidic functions were grafted onto the polymer in two steps: bromination and coupling Ullman reaction. Different copolymers with different lengths of hydrophilic block were synthetized. The membranes were obtained by casting, the impact of the solvent nature and Ionomer structure on the membrane morphology and properties was studied. The solvent has a strong impact on the membrane structuration at nanometric scale. By small angle neutrons scattering, we showed that the membrane morphology is depending on hydrophilic bloc length. The mechanical strengths and the conductivities of aromatic ionomer membranes are higher that the Nafion above 60°C that make them promising for PEMFC working at temperature higher than 100°C.

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