Contributions to the historiography of Natal’s agricultural development were limited and generally descriptive pre-1980s and fragmented thereafter. This thesis aims to address this by providing a more comprehensive understanding of agrarian land use which recognises not only monocultural dominance in the search for revenue by the colonial state but addresses the struggle of isolated white mixed farming communities in developing a viable agrarian economy. The postannexation years from 1843 was a period of transition marked by financial stringencies which limited the options for the governance of Natal. In particular this determined the nature of state relationships with landowners and Africans within the colony and set the precedents which impacted on agrarian land use during the second half of the nineteenth century. Chapter 1 provides a review of historical literature which considers the contributions of the main ‘schools of historical thought’ which interact in offering theoretical explanation on the aims of the state and settlers and the tensions with the rights of the indigenous people of Natal in relation to land. Natal, in comparison to the Cape was an isolated colony, deemed to have limited agrarian prospects and faced with political and economic challenges which dictated agrarian priorities. Chapter 2 considers the contextual precedents which impacted on settlement. The attraction of emigrants and agricultural settlement from mid-nineteenth century is recounted in Chapter 3 and the determination of such communities in overcoming subsistence conditions, coalescing into distinctive cultural identities, is developed in chapter 4 which highlights the dominance and influence of a landowning society on the direction of the colony in economic, political and social terms. Chapters 5 to 9 shift the focus to a white mixed farming community in the second half of the nineteenth century dependent on a vibrant African peasantry for staples, restricted by infrastructure, markets and the limitations of indigenized science and environmental knowledge. The traumatic events described in chapters 5 and 6 articulate the demand for organized state intervention in mixed agriculture in Natal. The role of the state changed with the Alfred Milner influence on the post bellum reconstruction of South Africa’s government administration from the first decade of the twentieth century. The promotion of science and technological change in South African agriculture and the apparatus for its dissemination marked a ‘tipping point’ in relation to the profile of mixed agriculture. The dominance of white landowner power is portrayed in chapter 7 reflecting the responses of both state and white farmers in the expansion of monocultural commercial land use. Chapters 8 and 9 turn the emphasis to mixed agriculture in providing understanding of the machinery of the state in promoting agricultural modernization and in assessing its assimilation at an individual level of white mixed farming in Natal in pre and post World War II years. This brings distinctiveness to this thesis because it deals with cultural, political as well as the economic and social determinants of change impacting on the agrarian history of Natal and allows conclusions to be drawn on the intensity of state support in promoting white agrarian prosperity.

<p>This research sets out to analyze the adult learning practices between two groups of secondary school teachers from historically differently resourced schools in the context of partnership. It seeks to test the nature of the partnership which exists between these schools, and exploe the nature of the learning which takes place between the teachers as adult learners. Reflections on the literature illustrate the issues surrounding the nature of learning among adult learners in shared community relationships. Methodologically this research is qualitative in nature , and has used the wider Social Responsibility Programme of St Agnes College as a field for interaction. Within that wider programme specifically, the mathematics partnership between Umdodo High School (UHS) and St Agnes was used for data colllection...</p>

<p>This research sets out to analyze the adult learning practices between two groups of secondary school teachers from historically differently resourced schools in the context of partnership. It seeks to test the nature of the partnership which exists between these schools, and exploe the nature of the learning which takes place between the teachers as adult learners. Reflections on the literature illustrate the issues surrounding the nature of learning among adult learners in shared community relationships. Methodologically this research is qualitative in nature , and has used the wider Social Responsibility Programme of St Agnes College as a field for interaction. Within that wider programme specifically, the mathematics partnership between Umdodo High School (UHS) and St Agnes was used for data colllection...</p>

This study investigated how the parents of children in rural areas could be involved in classroom activities of the school which promote teaching and learning. The researcher is of the opinion that parents could become involved in several activities occurring at school which would provide opportunities for parents to be familiarised with the school, and at the same time, provide opportunities for the children to bond with their own families and the families of the other children. There are certain activities and responsibilities that parents can undertake which would assist teachers to accomplish the required goals of teaching and learning in the classroom. The study reviewed the literature on parental involvement in schools, creating an awareness of both the rights and the responsibilities of parents in their children¡¦s education and the vital role that they can play in decision-making. A qualitative research approach was utilised in this study and observation, one-on-one interviews and focus group interviews were used as instruments for data collection. The most important findings are as follows: Parents and teachers in rural areas lack knowledge about the importance of and need for parental involvement in classroom life. Parental involvement requires thoughtful and coordinated planning. Parental involvement could benefit all people concerned at school. Parental involvement increases the learners¡¦ achievement and ensures learners¡¦ co-operation. Teachers and parents need each other to educate a child. / Dr. M.C. van Loggerenberg

Magister Educationis - MEd / This research sets out to analyze the adult learning practices between two groups of secondary school teachers from historically differently resourced schools in the context of partnership. It seeks to test the nature of the partnership which exists between these schools, and exploe the nature of the learning which takes place between the teachers as adult learners. Reflections on the literature illustrate the issues surrounding the nature of learning among adult learners in shared community relationships. Methodologically this research is qualitative in nature , and has used the wider Social Responsibility Programme of St Agnes College as a field for interaction. Within that wider programme specifically, the mathematics partnership between Umdodo High School (UHS) and St Agnes was used for data colllection. / South Africa

A thesis submitted to the Faculty Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in Community Work in the Department of Social Work at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2014 / The previous researchers suggested that school bullying is high in South Africa, especially in high schools. The researcher is motivated by seeing a large number of schools in South Africa who experience school bullying in different forms. The researcher of the study reviewed previous dissertations and thesis which indicated that schools with high levels of reported incidents of bullying have lower passing rates when compared with schools with less reported cases of bullying. This study is built on the groundwork of reviewing the findings of previous researchers about school bullying; so it is due to those regards that made the researcher decided to conduct the study of this nature. The research was designed to investigate school bullying of learners at Mshini High School in KwaZulu-Natal: South Africa. The sample was taken from grade 10 learners at Mshini High School and a simple random sample of 30 participants was used. A questionnaire with 40 closed-ended questions was used as a tool for gathering information from participants. The participants were both males and females. A quantitative programme of data analysis was used in the study. Data was analysed and presented through the use of descriptive statistics which involves tabulations and graphs; thus to find the results of the study. The name of the school that the researcher used was a pseudo name. The researcher used the pseudo name “Mshini High School” to maintain confidentiality. The researcher discovered the answers for the key questions of the study, and the objectives of the study had been achieved since the researcher discovered what was being investigated. According to the findings of the study school bullying is defined as a psychological attack that cause distress and fear, demanding the lunch box from other learners, an intimidation intended to cause harm, a repeated aggressive behaviour and a physical attack on the school ground that includes an imbalance of power. The findings suggest that school bullying did exist at Mshini High School because of the evidence and facts that the majority of participants stated that they did know of schoolmates who had been bullied. The researcher ascertained that school bullying had been reported at Mshini High School since a high percentage of participants confirmed that they knew someone in their school who had reported the incident of being bullied. The findings indicates that school bullying at Mshini High School had been reported to different people by learners and the high rate of participants had reported school bullying to their friends. Lastly, the researcher discovered that the most common type of bullying that occurred at Mshini High School was pushing.

In this dissertation a study of the management of change in local government is undertaken with specific focus on the North Local Council area of the Durban Metropolitan Council. In the previous era municipalities were structured to coincide with the system of separate development under apartheid. The new democratic order in South Africa at national and provincial levels ushered in the need to transform municipalities in various ways as follows: From a system of apartheid to a system of democracy. From being financially unsustainable to being sustainable. From merely providing basic services to being developmental in nature. From being tiny enclaves to covering broader catchment areas. From doing isolated land use planning to undertaking integrated development planning holistically. From being the sole service provider of municipal services to being service facilitators in certain instances. From being the regulator of development to being the facilitator of development. The above challenges were presented to all the roleplayers in municipal government to transform municipalities to meet these challenges. Change impacts on everyone in one way or another within the system that has changed. In a public environment this could mean millions of people. Municipal government was programmed to change over three phases, namely, the pre-interim phase, the interim phase and the final phase of transformation. Municipal government is currently in the interim phase of transformation and will reach the final phase of its transformation after the next municipal elections which are expected to take place any time between November 2000 and February 2001. During the apartheid era municipal government had numerous failings. The system of separate development saw the White minority having the best land which was close to economic activities and tourist facilities much to the detriment of the Black majority who were only allowed to occupy land that was far from any economic activity. Based on this method of land allocation there were wealthy White municipalities and poor Black municipalities. Blacks, mainly the labourer class, contributed to the economic growth of White municipalities whilst the areas in which they lived lacked the infrastructure and other municipal services some distance away from where they worked. The challenge to transform municipalities means that the basic needs of people ought to be linked to economic activities. This is quite a challenge given the innumerable constraints in the environment. Separate developments coupled with abject poverty the majority of people suffered from, will take time to overcome. The Indians in Chatsworth, Whites in Umhlanga Rocks and the Africans in Kwa-Mashu will be with us for a long time to come. It must be accepted that real change to overcome the effects of apartheid will not happen overnight. It will take time. However, every effort must be made to speed up the process of change to enable South Africans to benefit sooner rather than later from its chosen course of democracy. The key to achieving this would be to integrate development for which integrated development planning is a prerequisite. This dissertation provides a historical overview of municipal government in South Africa during the apartheid era and thereafter proceeds to document the post apartheid transformation of municipalities, with special focus on the North Local Council of the Durban Metropolitan region. The study also documents and evaluates new legislation that will set municipalities on the 'final phase' in its transformation. The penultimate chapter is dedicated to 'change management' which includes the theory of change and the final chapter make's general conclusions and offers several recommendations. RECOMMENDATIONS: The following recommendations have been made at the end of the study. These include: ? Municipalities must be democratic and transparent Democracy and transparency must be prevalent at the local sphere of government before South Africans can claim that their country has transformed from the legacy of apartheid to a fully fledged democracy. The way municipalities are structured is therefore important to the measure of transparency and democracy that could be achieved. If, for example, they are too large, with vast areas that are inaccessible, democracy and transparency could be compromised. ? Municipalities must be financially viable For municipalities to be effective they must be financially viable. Many of the apartheid structured municipalities relied on the national government for their funding which was grossly insufficient. This position needs to be remedied in the restructuring and demarcation of municipalities so as to ensure their financial viability. ? Promote mixed use zoning of land wherever feasible Bringing people closer to their places of employment will reduce travelling time and costs as well as improve their social well-being. ? Recognise that each town or area will have features that are unique and must be taken into account in any transformation The legislature is required to establish a framework for the orderly transformation of municipalities from apartheid to democracy. In so doing the legislation must be flexible to enable people to live out their new found democracy. ? Change must be processed in manageable portions To enable change to be managed properly it must be processed in manageable portions to enable resources allocated to manage change cope. ? Any new system must be given adequate time to settle Change and especially major change takes time. It must be afforded the time to settle. For example, the Durban Metropolitan Council started to reap the benefits of its transformation in 1999 although the transformation process began in 1994 and took effect in 1995 with the establishment of the transitional councils. However, in March 1998 the national government pronounced that the transformation of municipalities across the country was inadequate and embarked on a new transformation process. ? Senior management must be made part of the change process The technical expertise and experience of senior management must be utilised by their councils during the transformation of municipalities. ? The organisation must fit reality on the ground Municipalities must be able to meet the requirements of its citizens and consumers. When municipalities are being transformed the realities on the ground must be taken into account. ? A process for change must be determined and then change must be implemented according to that predetermined process Change must be planned and managed and must be recognised as a process and not an event. ? Avoid organisational change that is ineffective Change is instituted to improve any given situation. If change does not improve the situation or makes it worse than it already is, then such change must be avoided. / Thesis (MPA)-University of Durban-Westville, 1999.

A widely observed pattern in nature is a positive relationship between local abundance and spatial distribution. This study investigates this relationship amongst three taxa namely rodents, millipedes and trees on regenerating and unmined coastal dune forests at Richards Bay, KwaZulu-Natal. No sensible analyses were possible on the rodent data. Both millipedes and trees had a positive relationship between local abundance and distribution (measured as species incidence). Millipedes showed no changes in the relationship with changes in habitat regeneration time. For trees, the regression slope decreased with time due to changes in abundance and incidence of Acacia karroo. Lack of bimodality in incidence frequency distributions ruled the core-satellite metapopulation hypothesis out as a mechanism producing the positive abundance-incidence relationship. The resource availability hypothesis was a most likely mechanism. This study confirmed that rare species tend to be restricted in both abundance and incidence. / Dissertation (MSc (Zoology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

This thesis explores the difference between the vision of citizenship within education policy and the actual experiences and understandings of citizenship by Matric learners. Citizenship as envisioned in policy is shown to differ significantly to citizenship as understood and experienced by the interview participants. The citizenship envisioned in policy presents the goal of an equal and united citizenry whereas interview participants described citizenship as unequal and hierarchical. In particular, the racial hierarchy enforced under Apartheid was found to dominate the learners’ experiences of citizenship. Despite progressive legislation, distribution of opportunities remains heavily weighted in favour of those in high-income environments. Education policies that determine the overall structure of the South African education system were selected for analysis. These are the Constitution, the South African Schools Act and the National Education Policy Act. These policies are analysed and a vision of South African citizenship is described as possessing the following characteristics. A common, equal citizenship in a united and transformed South Africa. A citizenship encouraging and mandating critical engagement, dialogue, openness and transparency. A citizenship founded on quality of life for all and developing the potential of each individual. A citizenship in which both state and citizen are responsible and accountable and operate within the rule of law. A citizenship underpinned by human dignity and freedom and security of the person. A citizenship in which there is respect for difference and self-determination and in which ‘unity in diversity’ plays a key role. Matric learners were drawn from three different schools in an area of Kwazulu-Natal. Each of these schools represents a ‘type’ of school in South Africa: a former Model C school, an independent school and a school based in a rural or township area. The interviews aimed not only to understand citizenship from the perspective of these learners, but also to understand how experiences of citizenship varied depending on race, gender and class.

The emergence of a vast range of communication devices running on different types of technology has made convergence of technology become the order of the day. This revolution observed in communications technology has resulted in a pressing need for larger bandwidth, higher data rate and better spectrum availability, and it has become important that these factors be addressed. As such, this has resulted in the current resurgence of interest to investigate higher electromagnetic spectrum space that can take care of these needs. For the past decade, microwave (3 GHz-30 GHz) and millimeter waves (30 GHz-300 GHz) have been used as the appropriate frequency ranges for applications with properties such as wide bandwidth, smaller components size, narrow beamwidths, frequency re-use, small antenna, and short deployment time. To optimize the use of these frequency ranges by communication systems, the three tiers of communication system elements - receiver, transmitter and transmission channel or medium must be properly designed and configured. However, if the transmitter and receiver meet the necessary requirements, the medium in which signals are transmitted often becomes an issue at this range of frequencies. The most significant factor that affects the transmission of signals at these bands is attenuation and scattering by rain, snow, water vapour and other gases in the atmosphere. Scattering and absorption by rain at microwave and millimeter bands is thus a main concern for system designers. This study presents results of research into the interaction of rainfall with microwave and millimeter wave propagation as a medium. The study of rainfall characteristics allows estimation of its scattered and attenuated effects in the presence of microwave and millimeter waves. The components of this work encompass rainfall rate integration time, cumulative distribution and modelling of rainfall rate and characteristics of rain drop size and its modelling. The effects of rain on microwave and millimeter wave signals, which result in rain attenuation, are based on rainfall rate variables such as rainfall rate cumulative distribution, raindrop size distribution, total scattering cross sections, rain drop shape, and rain drop terminal velocity. A regional rainfall rate conversion factor from five-minute rainfall data to one-minute integration time is developed using the existing conversion method and a newly developed hybrid method. Based on these conversion factor results from the hybrid method, the rainfall at five-minute integration time was converted to a one-minute equivalent to estimate its cumulative distributions. In addition, new rain zones based on ITU-R and Crane designations are suggested for the entire region of South Africa and the surrounding Islands. The results are compared with past research work done in the other regions. Rain attenuation is acutely influenced by rain drop size distribution (DSD). This study thus also investigates DSD models from previous research work. There are several DSD models commonly used to estimate rain attenuation. They are models which have their root from exponential, gamma, lognormal and Weibull distributions. Since DSD is dynamic and locationdependent, a simple raindrop size distribution model is developed for Durban using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method. The MLE method is applied to the three-parameter lognormal distribution in order to model DSD for Durban. Rain drop size depends on rainfall rate, drop diameter and rain drop velocity. Semi-empirical models of terminal velocity from previous studies are investigated in this work and proposed for the estimation of specific rain attenuation. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.