<p> This research is a comparison of religious beliefs of three cultures of M&eacute;xico. My first goal is a critical analysis of the similarities and differences between religious practices and how they relate presently. I argue that the religious ideology imposed on the indigenous of M&eacute;xico was similar to their original beliefs that in their organic form produced a lifestyle superior to that of Spanish ideologies. Furthermore, I hypothesize that returning to the religious aspects of introspection, community and truth through <i>xochitl in cuicatl,</i> would result in that superior lifestyle.</p><p> This subject is approached using cultural analysis, textual exegesis, historical and phenomenological methodologies. Relying on close readings of codices, the elements of the sociological theory of Peter Berger and employing the work of Juana Gutierrez de Mendoza as a lens into Caxc&aacute;n ideology. My hope is to further the scholarly research of this understudied peoples and the region they inhabit.</p>

<p> All children residing in the United States have the right to a quality education. At least that is our collective expectation. Through the lived experience of Yuli, a Native American woman from the Southwest, you will discover, due to her birth on a remote reservation, she was not given the same access to education you or I would expect. On Yuli&rsquo;s reservation, the school system is managed by the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE). Rather than provide K-12 schooling, the BIE operates K-8 on her reservation and then Native youth who want to go to high school must move off-reservation.</p><p> This qualitative study focuses on Yuli&rsquo;s experience as she traversed the educational system offered to her in order to complete eighth grade, earn her high school diploma and be accepted to college. Her narrative gives insight into what she lost, personally and culturally, as a result of the operational delinquency of a United States of America government agency tasked with one duty, providing an adequate, quality education to Indigenous youth across America. This study explores Yuli&rsquo;s story, educational inopportunity, and the cultural impact of leaving the reservation to attain an education. </p>

<p> American colonization of the Hawaiian Islands has brought about generations of Native Hawaiian learners being subjected to educational practices that are incompatible with core Indigenous beliefs. Consequently, Native Hawaiian learners have lower academic achievement than other ethnic groups in the islands. The lack of success is not confined to academics since Native Hawaiians are also underrepresented in material-economic, social-emotional, and physical wellbeing. Hawaiian culture-based education (HCBE) can be used to decolonize educational practices by increasing cultural relevancy and compatibility within schools. This study was conducted within a school founded explicitly for the education of Native Hawaiian children. The selected campus has approximately 80 teachers and 650 Native Hawaiian learners (age eleven to fifteen). The purpose of the study was to better understand implementation of the HCBE framework components and data was collected through surveys and semi-structured follow-up interviews. The findings showed that although there was a range of the extent the teachers at the school understood and implemented the various HCBE components, there was commitment to using Hawaiian language, knowledge, and practices as the content and context for student learning. The data also showed though teachers have a high level of understanding of the importance of relationship building, that building family and community relationships remains an area of challenge. Additionally, teachers pride themselves on delivering meaningful personalized learning experiences and assessments to their students, and would like their own professional development to be grounded in the same educational practices. This study provides baseline data to inform further growth. </p>

<p> This dissertation is grounded in stories of how Chickasaw people have restructured and dedicated their lives to ensuring the continuance of <i> Chikashshanompa'</i>, their Indigenous heritage language. Building on an earlier study of what motivates Chickasaw people&mdash;across generations&mdash;to engage in language reclamation, these pages explore how: 1) Chickasaw young adult professionals who have established careers with the Chickasaw Nation Department of Language have made language reclamation their life&rsquo;s pursuit; 2) Chickasaw citizens-at-large, who reside outside of the Chickasaw Nation, engage in language reclamation, and 3) the study of <i>Chikashshanompa' </i> in school has impacted Chickasaw high school and university students&rsquo; conceptualizations of their personal and social identities. Together, the perspectives of these groups of language learners comprise a case study of Chickasaw people&rsquo;s resilient and tireless efforts to ensure that <i> Chikashshanompa' ilanompoh<u>&oacute;</u>li b&iacute;yyi'ka'chi </i> [we will always speak the Chickasaw language].</p><p> As a Chickasaw person and language learner myself, I worked from culturally-grounded research methodology which embraced my cultural identity and personal relationships with other Chickasaws involved in language reclamation. One key feature of this methodology was my reconstruction of in-depth, phenomenological interviews as participant profiles&mdash;or stories&mdash;as a means to present and analyze data. Individually, these stories tell of the nuanced and diverse experiences of Chickasaw language learners representing distinct generational categories and demographics. Collectively, they reflect three key themes enabling the vitality and efficacy of Chickasaw language reclamation: 1) a raised critical Chickasaw consciousness, 2) the conception of <i>Chikashshanompa'</i> as cultural practice, and 3) the (re)valuing of language learners. </p>

<p> The projects in this meditation focus on the importance of collaboration in public history. Using two different tools, both projects show a new way for understanding the histories of two diverse Louisiana American Indian communities. The project on the Chitimacha Tribe of Louisiana is not a complete public history project, but it shows the progression of research and preliminary work needed for the pubic history aspect through an interactive map. The Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana exhibit highlights the importance of collaboration and consultation with the Tribe, which happened at nearly every step of the curation and development of the exhibit. Focusing on the inclusion of these communities, and those surrounding them, helped in the understanding of the audience for each of these projects, as well as the overall importance of consultation with the community or communities represented.</p>

<p> During the early twentieth century, Navajo lands were extensive and isolated. Traditional Navajo leadership was much more local, and it varied from clan to clan. The discovery of natural resources on Navajo lands in the 1920s led to the creation of the Navajo Tribal Council to negotiate leases with the federal government. Through the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), the federal government dominated the council. However, the reforms of the Indian New Deal and the urgency of World War II brought immense changes as many non-Navajo leaders left the BIA for important wartime positions within the federal government, and the Navajo Tribal Council became more independent. During this period the relationship between the council and federal government changed as the council was given greater autonomy in governing the tribe. This thesis examines the history of the council leading up to and during World War II. By comparing the home front of World War I to the home front of World War II, it argues that the council achieved greater self-determination during this period, something often downplayed by historians, and created a unique system of government distinctive only to Navajos. The leadership of the council in providing for the common defense, defining and protecting property rights, and assisting with the federal government in the creation of human service programs established solid reasons for continued autonomy after World War II.</p>

<p> This research explored Jung&rsquo;s development of the concept of soul and its manifestation in the material world. In particular, this phenomenological study investigated Hillman&rsquo;s anima mundi, the soul in and of the world, and how individual and community transformation occurred through the making of traditional Hawaiian quilts by hand. Using qualitative organic inquiry, ten participants including the researcher were asked to describe their emotional, psychological, and relational experiences of quiltmaking&mdash;thus integrating the handmade art into the very heart of this dissertation. The findings validated the social, healthful, and emotional benefits of quiltmaking by hand, having strong implications for clinical work and the process of individuation. Individuation achieved through the making and completion of one&rsquo;s quilt was not just the creative journey of an individual soul, but a shared community endeavor that created enduring social bonds serving to perpetuate the tradition of Hawaiian quiltmaking. One of the most significant findings addressed Jung&rsquo;s belief that soul lives among us in the material world. Further studies might examine individual and co-creative endeavors to compare creative, social, and transformational experiences. Also, further exploration into Jung&rsquo;s notion of the soul of the object may deepen our understanding of soul and its delivery into the tangible world through the work of our hands. </p><p> <i>Keywords:</i> depth psychology, Jungian soul of object, transformation, traditional Hawaiian quiltmaking, creativity, collective experience. </p>

<p> While much of colonial California historiography includes detailed narratives of the mission Indian workers, very little is known regarding those Indians who moved from the missions to work on the large California ranchos and elsewhere. The stories of these Indian workers have often been ignored; further, the narratives which do exist contain some form of debt peonage to explain their working arrangement. This dissertation attempts to challenge these debt peonage theories and offer a more accurate account of the working arrangement that developed on the California rancho during the Mexican (1821&ndash;1848) and early American (1849&ndash;1880) periods. Employing important primary sources&mdash;including rancho account books, letters, court documents, census records, and probate inventories&mdash;this dissertation ventures to show that Indian labor arrangements on these ranchos were less repressive than previously presented. In addition, it reveals the misunderstood nature and importance of the rancho store to both the Rancho owners and their Indian workers.</p><p>

Folklore serves a fundamental societal function spreading accepted culture from generation to generation. The role of folklore is paramount in social networking and the scope of folklore will be investigated using specific myths from the Great Basin region. The Si-teh-cah as the Paiute referred to them was a mysterious group of purported cannibalistic giants. / The study of this myth helps aid the understanding of the archetypical motifs and their roles in society. The underpinning of this research is to understand the cultural perceptions and perspectives that go into their folklore. From this understanding folklore has applicable functions in its role affecting the understanding of migration trends, societal framework, behavioral functions and the purpose of identity as well as the esoteric and exoteric dynamic of each group with the "Other." The typical "Other" goes through transmutation based on the society discussing the "Other." / This research explores the behavioral patterning of perspective and perception that has developed and shows how this cultural framework alters aspects of myth to put each culture's signature traits into the narrative. From this understanding it also becomes apparent that through folklore we can see elements of how place affects the culture along with how all these aspects are entangled and play roles in migrational trends, social order, identity and aspects of perseverance and warfare. Folklore serves a function of cultural relativism and the dynamic art form of perception and perspective on history. / Folklore can be advantageous in multiple disciplines and shows that even what we purport as factual history in contemporary times is folkloric in the respect that it is history from specific perspectives. This Great Basin research is a dynamic way to understand the universality and the cause of universality while sorting the factual information from the absurdities.

This dissertation is a reference grammar of the Malimiut Coastal dialect of Inupiaq (ISO: ESI, ESK, IPK), an Eskimo-Aleut language of northwestern Alaska spoken by the Inupiat people. It complements existing descriptions of Inupiaq by filling gaps in documentation. With approximately 2000 speakers, mainly above 50 years of age, Inupiaq is endangered. Within the Inupiat community, there is a strong commitment to language documentation and revitalization. The current work aims to provide a comprehensive description of Inupiaq morphosyntax to the Inupiat and academic communities. This dissertation uses the standard Inupiaq writing system and IPA for all examples in the hope that by including both scripts, the work will be maximally useful to the Inupiat community, scholars, and other interested parties. After introducing the language and reviewing previous work, the dissertation describes Malimiut Inupiaq phonetics and phonology, nominal and verbal morphology, syntactic categories, wordhood, constituency, and other syntactic topics. A final chapter draws comparisons between Inupiaq and other Eskimo-Aleut languages/dialects and summarizes major findings. These include a previously undocumented phonological change in progress, the shift of /z/ (Inupiaq 'r') to American English /r/ in younger speakers and heritage learners. Several interrelated variables are involved, including age, Inupiaq literacy, and the influence of English. The dissertation also documents case stacking, such that demonstrsatives can take grammatical case twice, previously undocumented in Eskimo-Aleut. The discovery of case stacking on adverbs (non-arguments) is particularly exciting, challenging current theories that motivate case stacking via argument structure. Although eastern Inuit dialects have been extensively documented, many areas of Inupiaq grammar remain undocumented. This dissertation is the first to discuss a number of morphosyntactic topics specifically for Inupiaq, including argument status, clause-level and sentence-level constituency, types of predication, wordhood (phonological vs. morphological vs. syntactic), and clause combining. A real need to separate morphology and syntax in Inupiaq becomes evident. It is often assumed that because Inuit languages are predominantly suffixing languages---there is virtually no other morphological process-morphology and syntax are one and the same in these languages. However, clause combining and constituency---among other phenomena---demonstrate that purely syntactic phenomena exist in the language.