Genetic effects influencing salinity tolerance (ST) and cold tolerance (CT) were evaluated in two full diallel mating designs using six tilapia varieties: Oreochromis aureus (BL), O. mossambicus (MO), O. niloticus (NI), O. niloticus crossbreds (RE), Mississippi commercial strain (MC) and Florida red tilapia (FL). Statistical analyses provided estimates of direct heterosis (h_i), cross heterosis (h_ij), maternal effects (m_i), line effects (l_i), reciprocal and specific reciprocal effects (r_ij and r**_ij), and general and specific combining abilities (GCA and S_ij). Analysis of genetic effects for ST indicated that FL exhibited significant GCA (P < 0.01). BL, FL, and MO exhibited highly significant l_i (P < 0.01). Highly significant m_i (P < 0.01) was apparent for FL and RE. Highly significant S_ij and h_ij% (P < 0.01) were exhibited in two and eight variety combinations (VCs), respectively. Highly significant r_ij (P < 0.01) was observed in BL-MO, and MC-RE. In addition, highly significant r**_ij (P < 0.05) was noted in BL-MO and FL-RE. Analysis of genetic effects for CT indicated that BL, MC and RE exhibited significant GCA's (P < 0.05). Highly significant l_i and m_i (P < 0.01) were apparent in BL and RE, respectively. Significantly negative S_ij (P < 0.05) was exhibited only in BLxMC, while negative and significant h_ij% (P < 0.05) was apparent in BLxMC, FLxMO and FLxRE. Highly significant r_ij (P < 0.01) was apparent in FL-MC and MC-RE, while negative and significant r**_ij (P < 0.05) was exhibited only in FL-MC. No significant direct heterosis (h_i) was apparent in ST or CT. Improvement in ST in could be accomplished by developing a breeding program combining selection, hybridization and backcrossing in MO, BL and FL, while improvement of CT may be accomplished by selection and hybridization in BL. The potential environmental and commercial implications of developing salinity-tolerant and cold-tolerant tilapia varieties and crosses are discussed.

Expanding on the Theory of Location, New Economic Geography, and Porter's Theory of Clusters this dissertation attempts to identify key factors influencing the location of firms in a resource-based industry. The softwood lumber industry in the United States is used as a case study to test several hypotheses concerning these theories. Two U.S. regions, the West and the South, were selected for analysis because they account for over 70 percent of U.S lumber manufacturing capacity. A multi-disciplinary research approach involved three-stages. First, self-reported preferences were analyzed using common factor and conjoint analyses for preferences for location attributes. Surveys were sent to all sawmill managers in the U.S. West and South regions. Respondents were identified through the Random Lengths' Big Book (2006), the industry's most comprehensive database. Survey procedures followed Dillman's (2000) Tailored Design Method. Conjoint analysis provided information on the relative importance of selected site attributes using several econometric models to estimate coefficients, significance and marginal effects of site attributes. Second, a model for industry location behavior in the U.S. South was developed using a spatial econometric model. An exploratory analysis identified deviations from complete spatial randomness as first-hand evidence of clustering. The presence of sawmill enterprises was used as the dependent variable, aggregated at the county level. Spatial autoregressive and correlated error econometric models were used to correct for spatial correlation. The final model was used to identify counties where softwood lumber industry development could occur in the future with a high probability of success. Third, two cross-sections of data were analyzed using point density tools to explore spatial concentration in the softwood lumber industry over time. There is evidence of consolidation in the industry as the number of firms has declined while capacity has increased over time. The findings are congruent with spatial predictions drawn by Location Theory, New Economic Geography and to some extent the Theory of Clusters. Research methods used in this study have the ability to capture decision-makers preferences and to operationalize major theories of location, economic geography and cluster development. Results can provide industry and economic development professionals with a new decision-making tool.

The bark of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (Eucommiaceae) has been used over thousands of years as a folk remedy. Extracts from the bark exhibit multiple pharmacological functions, especially in lowering blood pressure. Geniposidic acid (GA), pinoresinol diglucoside (PG) and chlorogenic acid (CA) are three compounds isolated from the bark of the Eucommia tree, which display enormous bioactivities. As a type of plant tissue culture, the hairy root culture system displays prospective application over traditional cell or callus cultures, which are characterized by rapid growth, and stable biochemical and genetic capacity. The present dissertation discusses the establishment and chemical analysis of E. ulmoides hairy roots. After molecular identification, including PCR and Southern blotting, hairy roots were subjected to various physical and chemical treatments to investigate their impacts on growth and secondary metabolites. Results showed that light, initial pH, and culture volume did not affect the growth remarkably, while medium type, medium strength, sucrose concentration and auxin influenced the growth significantly. Biomass of E. ulmodies hairy roots increased 30% in modified culture conditions. Initial pH only had effect on PG content, while culture volume showed some effect on CA content. Other factors demonstrated varied impacts on content and yield of secondary metabolites. Zero to 50 µM methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) elicited PG synthesis but inhibited GA production. A low concentration of salicylic acid (SA) reduced secondary metabolic synthesis, while a high concentration of it accelerated the exudation of the metabolites into medium. Exposure to light tended to improve synthesis of secondary metabolites, especially GA and CA. In contrast to other sources of E. ulmoides, hairy roots could synthesize high amounts of secondary metabolites, even specific compounds. In order to increase secondary metabolite production, Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) was introduced into E. ulmoides hairy root. Molecular characterization, i.e. PCR, Southern blotting and Northern blotting, confirmed the integration and expression of the VHb gene. The transformed hairy root showed improved growth and enhanced synthetic capacity of secondary metabolites. This research will contribute to exploit a new approach to produce PG, GA and CA from the special tissue culture, hairy root culture system.

Over the past 30 years, the king rail (Rallus elegans) has purportedly declined precipitously throughout its range, with the most severe declines seen in the migratory populations. King rails, however, are considered a game species in Louisiana and Texas, thus, it is important to determine what proportion of king rails wintering there are migratory. This is complicated because there is no reliable method to distinguish between king and clapper rails and few studies have attempted to capture wintering rails. The objectives of this study were to: 1) Determine the best method for capturing wintering rails; 2) Determine if morphometric measurements could be used to identify and sex king and clapper rails; 3) Determine the ratio of resident to migrant king rails in southern Louisiana and Texas using stable isotope analysis of feathers. I captured 523 rails, including 187 tentatively identified king rails, 68 tentatively identified clapper rails, 107 Virginia rails, 123 sora, and 38 yellow rails. The effectiveness of capture techniques were: 1) drop-door traps with drift fencing - 0.0063 rails per trap hour, 2) capturing by hand or net from an airboat at night - 2.13 rails per hour, and 3) capturing by hand or net from an ATV at night - 1.80 rails per hour. Discriminate analysis of morphometric measurements revealed that wing, tarsus and culmen measurements could be used to differentiate between king and clapper rails. Multiple stable isotope analysis of rail feathers, äD, ä13C, ä15N, and ä34S, showed distinct differences among winter collected king rails and known migrants, but did not show differences between the winter collected king rails and residents. This indicates that most, if not all, of the winter collected king rails were resident to Louisiana and Texas. A linear relationship was seen between äDf values and estimated äDp values at the collection locations (r2 = 0.42). The fractionation factor that resulted from this analysis could be used to determine an approximate breeding location for the winter collected rails, and also indicated that most, 99%, of the winter collected king rails were resident to Louisiana and Texas.

Landscape change throughout North America has resulted in heightened nest predator population and declining avian productivity. Essential to establishing effective management design is an understanding of differential predation pressure among avian groups as group specific responses to predation impact may exist. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of predator trapping on the nest success and density of ground nesting avifauna in 2004-2005 in the Virginia Coast Reserve, specifically dabbling ducks, Canada Goose and Willet. Second, we determine the impact of predation on ground nesting birds by relating indices of predator abundance to nest density and nest success for island plots. Overall Mayfield nest success for dabbling ducks was 54.4% (n = 12) in 2004 and 17.7% (n = 30) in 2005. Green Transformed nest success for dabbling ducks was 34.5% (n = 25) in 2004 and 23.0% (n = 42). For Canada goose, overall Mayfield nest success was 53.1 (n = 37) in 2004 and 47.7% (n = 39) in 2005. Overall Green Transformed nest success for Canada Goose was 59.5% (n = 57) in 2004 and 50.6% (n = 51) in 2005. Finally, overall Green Transformed nest success for Willet was 53.7% (n = 110) in 2004 and 46.0% (n = 118) in 2005. Nest success estimates on island plots varied greatly. There was no difference in nest success between trapped and non-trapped islands for dabbling ducks (P = 0.1990), Canada Goose (P = 0.4860), Willet (P = 0.4920) and artificial nest success (P = 0.4200). Likewise, there was no difference in nest density between trapped and non-trapped islands for dabbling ducks (P = 0.2408), Canada Goose (P = 0.2950), and Willet (P = 0.1381). Several factors may explain this result including a lack of trapping efficacy, design flaws, low intensity of trapping, and differences in island habitat affecting avian nest site selection and sample size. Nest success for both dabbling ducks (P = 0.0225) and Willets (P < 0.0001) was inversely related to predator activity, as measured by artificial nest success. In contrast, Canada Goose (P = 0.6686) showed no relationship between nest success and predator activity. For Canada Goose (P = 0.0064) and Willet (P = 0.0029), nest density decreased with increasing predator activity on island plots. Biased nest detection, philopatry to islands with reduced predation risk, and active selection for reduced predator environments may explain the higher nest density on islands with reduced predator activity. On barrier islands in Virginia, dabbling duck nest densities are independent of predator activity (P = 0.1981). I hypothesize that, in this system, the availability of brood rearing habitat for ducks govern island selection above predation risk.

I compared nest success estimates for both shorebirds and Sharp-tailed Grouse between controls and 36 square-mile blocks that were trapped for intermediate mammalian predators. I also investigated shorebird nest site selection by comparing vegetation visual obstruction and species composition between nest sites and the surrounding field. Nest success (Mayfield estimate ± SE) was not different between trapped and control blocks for shorebirds (trap: 50.8% ± 6.3%; control: 69.1% ± 17.5%) or Sharp-tailed Grouse (trap: 61.3% ± 8.3%; control: 48.7% ± 10.0%). This indicates that trapping intermediate mammalian predators is not an efficient method of increasing shorebird or Sharp-tailed Grouse nest success. Regardless of the surrounding habitat type, shorebird nest sites were located in characteristic vegetation depending on species. Common Snipe preferred nest sites to be covered by native vegetation that obstructed vision below 21cm. Wilsons Phalarope also preferred native vegetation, however they nested in vegetation obstructing vision less than 16cm. Upland Sandpipers showed little preference for vegetation species composition, although nest sites were typically found in vegetation obstructing vision less than 21cm. These results indicate that useful shorebird habitat includes relatively sparse, native vegetation.

In the southeastern United States, industrial agriculture dominates the landscape, and much of the native land cover is in decline. Longleaf pine forests were once a dominant ecosystem in this region, but have largely disappeared. However, little research has been conducted on how this loss affects wildlife, especially mammalian predators. With increasing restoration efforts for longleaf pine it is important to assess the impact on species that inhabit those landscapes. Gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) are native to the Southeast, but are adaptable to a wide range of habitats. Therefore, during 2002-2006 I studied a population of gray foxes on land managed for longleaf pine (Ichauway plantation) and the surrounding agriculture and residential landscape. Gray fox habitat selection did not differ across seasons (P > 0.050) at any of the 3 spatial scales examined, but was non random at all scales (P ≤ 0.050). Gray foxes preferred habitat types that were rare or not available on Ichauway including residential areas, hardwood forests, and industrial agriculture. Gray foxes were largely found partially or completely off Ichauway. In fact, gray foxes that overlapped Ichauway were found closer (Λ = 12.06, P < 0.001) to the borders of Ichauway than expected. Annual survival was 0.610 ± 0.100. Sixteen deaths were documented, and human causes (i.e., vehicle collisions) accounted for most (n=10) of these. Gray fox mortality from human caused sources may have been higher than in most other populations because of the selection of anthropogenic habitat and lack of trapping. Home range sizes differed between seasons (F2,34 = 3.97, P = 0.030), with home ranges in winter (152.43 ± 32.02 ha) being larger than either breeding (91.42 ± 12.93 ha) or kit-rearing (99.68 ± 18.27 ha) seasons. Grafens kinship coefficient was used to examine relatedness through genetic analysis. No correlation was detected between distance of trapped gray foxes with one another and their genetic distance for either 2004-2005 or 2005-2006 (P > 0.1). Preliminary evidence suggested that closer relatives may be more apt to overlap one anothers spatial use area.

This dissertation addresses applying industrial park concepts to the development of aquaculture parks in public waters specifically for off-bottom triploid Easter oyster, Crassostrea virginica, culture. The objectives are to identify the permitting process, relevant agencies, and legislation needed to facilitate development of aquaculture parks in the Gulf of Mexico states, and test and analyze off-bottom oyster culture for commercial production of triploid oysters. Off-bottom culture can increase oyster production, but fouling organisms can reduce growth and survival rates. The Adjustable Longline System (ALS), commercially used in Australia, allows oyster bags to be suspended in the water column and positioned for aerial drying to deter fouling. This study evaluates means of controlling fouling organisms for off-bottom culture of diploid oysters by measuring 1) growth rate, 2) survival rate, and 3) fouling rates. This study shows that routine aerial exposure reduces the amount of fouling organisms without significantly affecting growth or survival. The oysters in all treatments reached market-size in twelve months and had survival rates greater than 80%. Advances in oyster genetics research are creating superior candidates for culture and needs to be coupled with advanced grow-out methods to reach full potential. Triploid oyster culture is a viable alternative to natural oyster production but requires investment in seed. This study analyzed the capital, operating costs, and break-even prices of a 0.40-hectare ALS for triploid oyster culture. The analysis assumes that seed is purchased from a hatchery and that the culturist harvests triploid oysters during the months when on-bottom oysters have a lower meat yield. The break-even costs are determined for a 100-count box of oysters. Once importation and permitting costs are determined, areas of the budget can then be adjusted to reduce the break-even price. This will include such factors as domestic system components, labor hours, or stocking density. The results will determine if off-bottom culture of triploid oysters is a good investment for the Louisiana oyster industry. In addition, an operational plan was also prepared for the ALS to meet the International Shellfish Sanitation Council requirements for shellfish culture facilities.

This study investigated a Soxhlet extract procedure to separate chemical components in the wood and bark of Port-Orford cedar (POC) (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana). The bio-activities, antioxidant properties, and decay resistance were evaluated. The heartwood extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Three vitro assays including (1) 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH ) radical scavenging assay, (2) 2,2-azinobis ( 3-ethylbenzothiszoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical cation scavenging ability assay, and (3) metal chelating activity assay were carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activity. The total phenol content of the extracts was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE). The results showed that the methanol extracts of the heartwood and the sapwood contained moderate radical scavenging activities, and the inner bark and outer bark extracts showed the most activities. The sapwood extracts demonstrated the strongest chelating metal capability. Among the four partitions of POC bark, the n-Butanol extracts (n-Bu) showed the highest inhibition effect on ABTS⁺ and the highest amount of total phenolic content, followed by ethyl acetate extracts (EA), water soluble components (Wa) and n-hexane extracts (n-He) subtractions. The correlation suggested that phenolic compounds are likely to contribute to the radical scavenging activity of the methanol extracts. There were three major components found in hexane extracts from the heartwood of POC, which were τ-cadinol, azulene, and τmuurolol. Hexadecadinoic acid was found in ethyl acetate extracts. Both the n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of the heartwood of POC had excellent growth inhibitory effects on white- and brown-rot fungi. The n-hexane extracts showed a higher antifungal index in this assay system, which was significantly higher than the ethyl acetate extracts.

Much evidence suggests that nest success is one of the key drivers of duck production. Accordingly, for the past thirty years, waterfowl managers have focused their efforts on increasing nest success. One way to increase nest success is through predator trapping. Previous studies have shown that predator trapping increases nest success on different sized trapped blocks. This study attempted to answer the question: does trapping affect nest success on areas directly adjacent to trapped block boundaries? I hypothesized that predator abundance outside trapped blocks would be reduced. I predicted that nest success would decline with distance from the boundary while predator abundance would increase with distance from the boundary. This study was conducted in the Drift Prairie section of the Prairie Pothole Region in northeast North Dakota during the summers of 2005 and 2006. A total of 3,231 nests were found inside of six trapped blocks and a total of 2,006 nests were found outside of five trapped blocks. Daily survival rates were estimated using Shaffers logistic-exposure model and then related to distance from the center (for inside) or distance from the edge (for outside) of a trapped block, trapped block, field within a trapped block, and all interactions. Model fit was assessed using Akaikes information criteria as adjusted for small sample size. The most important variables for explaining variation in daily survival rates of nests, both inside and outside trapped blocks, were year, and field within a trapped block. Distance appeared to have a negligible effect on daily survival rates for nests inside and outside trapped blocks. Mean daily survival rates were higher inside trapped blocks. Trapping, therefore, did not appear to increase daily survival rates outside trapped blocks. Predator scent-stations were used in 2006 to obtain an index of predator activity. Distance from a trapped block edge did not affect visitation rates for any individual predator species or for all species combined, both inside and outside trapped blocks. There were, however, significantly higher visitation rates inside versus outside trapped blocks for raccoons and for all species combined.