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Numerical Analysis of Natural Convection Heat Transfer for Windows with Porous Screening MaterialNorris, Neil 22 May 2009 (has links)
A numerical study of natural convection across a window cavity with an insect screen was performed in order to investigate the effects of changing several variables on the heat transfer through the system. A two-dimensional, laminar model was created using the Computational Fluid Dynamics software FLUENT. The system was approximated by three rectangular zones, the largest representing the open room, a smaller area with an isothermal wall representing the window cavity and a thin area representing the insect screen, which connected the two other zones. The insect screen was assumed to be a porous media with a known pressure drop taken from experimentation and the Darcy-Forchheimer equation was applied to this zone. The factors that were changed in order to examine the effects were two window cavity heights and two widths, five different screen porosities and a variety of window, screen and ambient temperature combinations.
The model was compared to analytical solutions for a vertical flat plate, as well as a qualitative analysis done through a simple flow visualization experiment for a midrange porosity of 0.5. It was found that the model matched the analytical solution very well and exhibited the same flow patterns as in the experiment.
First a non-heated screen was used, simulating nighttime conditions. Velocity vector and temperature plots were created in order to see the changes in flow patterns as the porosity of the screen was decreased for the various geometries and as the temperature between the window and screen increased. Several flow patterns were observed. For small screen/window spacing, 0.0127m, the flow is fairly uniform for all porosities and follows the entire length of the cavity, slowing in velocity for decreasing porosities. For larger spacing, 0.0254m, there are recirculation zones present, one back up the screen, and one in the bottom corner which causes the flow to exit the cavity before it reaches the bottom.
The results were then non-dimensionalized and the heat transfer rates were examined by comparing the local and average Nusselt and Rayleigh number for each model. The results showed the effects of the flow patterns on the heat transfer, with end effects jumping the Nusselt number as the flow navigates the bottom corner. These effects are lessened with decreasing porosity. The average Nusselt number also followed the same trend as flat plate correlations, but with less heat transfer.
Finally, a methodology was proposed to approximate the heat transfer as resistor network in order to simplify the heat transfer calculations into a 1-D transfer analysis for building sciences applications. Each element of the system, the window, insect screen and open room, was reduced to an isothermal layer in order to describe the system solely by temperature differences in order to find the heat transfer rates. This final step was done in conjunction with ongoing research at the University of Waterloo Solar Thermal Research Lab.
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Experimental and Analytical Analysis of Perimeter Radiant Heating PanelsKegel, Martin January 2006 (has links)
In recent years the U. S. and Canada have seen a steady increase in energy consumption. The U. S. in particular uses 25% more energy than it did 20 years ago. With declining natural resources and an increase in fuel costs, it has become important to find methods of reducing energy consumption, in which energy conservation in space heating and cooling has become a widely researched area. One method that has been identified to reduce the energy required for space heating is the use of radiant panels. Radiant panels are beneficial because the temperature set points in a room can be lowered without sacrificing occupant comfort. They have therefore become very popular in the market. Further research, however, is required to optimize the performance of these panels so energy savings can be realized. <br /><br /> An analytical model has been developed to predict the panel temperature and heat output for perimeter radiant panel systems with a known inlet temperature and flow rate, based on a flat plate solar collector (RSC) model. As radiative and convective heat transfer coefficients were required to run the model, an analytical analysis of the radiative heat transfer was performed, and a numerical model was developed to predict the convective heat transfer coefficient. Using the conventional radiative heat exchange method assuming a three-surface enclosure, the radiative heat transfer could be determined. Numerically, a correlation was developed to predict the natural convective heat transfer. <br /><br /> To validate the analytical model, an experimental analysis was performed on radiant panels. A 4m by 4m by 3m test chamber was constructed in which the surrounding walls and floor were maintained at a constant temperature and the heat output from an installed radiant panel was measured. Two radiant panels were tested; a 0. 61m wide panel with 4 passes and a 0. 61m wide panel with 8 passes. The panels were tested at 5 different inlet water temperatures ranging from 50°C to 100°C. <br /><br /> The RSC model panel temperature and heat output predictions were in good agreement with the experimental results. The RSC model followed the same trends as that in the experimental results, and the panel temperature and panel heat output were within experimental uncertainty, concluding that the RSC model is a viable, simple algorithm which could be used to predict panel performance.
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Numerical Analysis of Natural Convection Heat Transfer for Windows with Porous Screening MaterialNorris, Neil 22 May 2009 (has links)
A numerical study of natural convection across a window cavity with an insect screen was performed in order to investigate the effects of changing several variables on the heat transfer through the system. A two-dimensional, laminar model was created using the Computational Fluid Dynamics software FLUENT. The system was approximated by three rectangular zones, the largest representing the open room, a smaller area with an isothermal wall representing the window cavity and a thin area representing the insect screen, which connected the two other zones. The insect screen was assumed to be a porous media with a known pressure drop taken from experimentation and the Darcy-Forchheimer equation was applied to this zone. The factors that were changed in order to examine the effects were two window cavity heights and two widths, five different screen porosities and a variety of window, screen and ambient temperature combinations.
The model was compared to analytical solutions for a vertical flat plate, as well as a qualitative analysis done through a simple flow visualization experiment for a midrange porosity of 0.5. It was found that the model matched the analytical solution very well and exhibited the same flow patterns as in the experiment.
First a non-heated screen was used, simulating nighttime conditions. Velocity vector and temperature plots were created in order to see the changes in flow patterns as the porosity of the screen was decreased for the various geometries and as the temperature between the window and screen increased. Several flow patterns were observed. For small screen/window spacing, 0.0127m, the flow is fairly uniform for all porosities and follows the entire length of the cavity, slowing in velocity for decreasing porosities. For larger spacing, 0.0254m, there are recirculation zones present, one back up the screen, and one in the bottom corner which causes the flow to exit the cavity before it reaches the bottom.
The results were then non-dimensionalized and the heat transfer rates were examined by comparing the local and average Nusselt and Rayleigh number for each model. The results showed the effects of the flow patterns on the heat transfer, with end effects jumping the Nusselt number as the flow navigates the bottom corner. These effects are lessened with decreasing porosity. The average Nusselt number also followed the same trend as flat plate correlations, but with less heat transfer.
Finally, a methodology was proposed to approximate the heat transfer as resistor network in order to simplify the heat transfer calculations into a 1-D transfer analysis for building sciences applications. Each element of the system, the window, insect screen and open room, was reduced to an isothermal layer in order to describe the system solely by temperature differences in order to find the heat transfer rates. This final step was done in conjunction with ongoing research at the University of Waterloo Solar Thermal Research Lab.
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Numerical simulation for natural convection on a vertical plate with equally spaced heating blockChung, Yun-che 28 July 2011 (has links)
The cooling problem has become a serious subject in order to keep away from malfunctioning for a high performance and miniaturized electronic component. For instance, the monitor backlight LED must be cooled adequately. In this thesis, a natural convection cooling problem for the vertical channel with equally spaced heating blocks on one wall is studied by a numerical modeling to simulate a monitor backlight LED cooling. A control volume method is employed for the numerical modeling. The results of heat transfer coefficients and hot spots for various channel gap, LED spacing and Rayleigh number are presented. This study can provide design reference for related cooling problems.
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Numerical simulation of small power supply in natural convection environmentChao, Tzu-Chuan 07 February 2012 (has links)
The power supply for electronic devises is demanded to be lighter and smaller in nowadays market. Therefore, the cooling problem becomes the major design challenge due to reduced heat transfer area. In this thesis, a numerical computation method is employed to numerically simulate the natural convection heat transfer field for a small power supply placed on the ground or table in atmospheric conditions. The effects of parameters are studied including internal heat sink structure, shell structure,
heat rate of generation, body size and ground material. The results of the present study can provide design reference.
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Geometric location and power distribution for discrete heat sources on a vertical flat plate with natural convectionJung, Inyeop 08 November 2011 (has links)
The current development of consumer electronics, driven by the effort to manufacture smaller products with increased performance, has amplified the chance for inducing higher thermal stresses to these systems. In an effort to devise more effective cooling methods for these systems, many scholars have studied the convective cooling of discrete heating elements.
This report discusses a methodology for fabricating and testing a suitable flat plate design with discrete heating elements for both natural and forced convection cooling experiments. There were two plate design attempts: (i) an aluminum plate and (ii) a R3315 hydrostatic-resistance plastic foam plate. For the purpose of conducting experiments for the discrete heating elements, the foam plate design was found to be an appropriate design.
After designing a proper foam plate, several experiments were conducted for the natural convection case. The combination of parameters such as the geometric location and power output ratio between heaters that resulted in the maximum thermal conductance were studied. / text
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A Parallel Navier Stokes Solver for Natural Convection and Free Surface FlowNorris, Stuart Edward January 2001 (has links)
A parallel numerical method has been implemented for solving the Navier Stokes equations on Cartesian and non-orthogonal meshes. To ensure the accuracy of the code first, second and third order differencing schemes, with and without flux-limiters, have been implemented and tested. The most computationally expensive task in the code is the solution of linear equations, and a number of linear solvers have been tested to determine the most efficient. Krylov space, incomplete factorisation, and other iterative and direct solvers from the literature have been implemented, and have been compared with a novel black-box multigrid linear solver that has been developed both as a solver and as a preconditioner for the Krylov space methods. To further reduce execution time the code was parallelised, after a series of experiments comparing the suitability of different parallelisation techniques and computer architectures for the Navier Stokes solver. The code has been applied to the solution of two classes of problem. Two natural convection flows were studied, with an initial study of two dimensional Rayleigh Benard convection being followed by a study of a transient three dimensional flow, in both cases the results being compared with experiment. The second class of problems modelled were free surface flows. A two dimensional free surface driven cavity, and a two dimensional flume flow were modelled, the latter being compared with analytic theory. Finally a three dimensional ship flow was modelled, with the flow about a Wigley hull being simulated for a range of Reynolds and Froude numbers.
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Air Ingress in HTGRs: the process, effects, and experimental methods relating to its investigation and consequencesGould, Daniel W. January 1900 (has links)
Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering / Hitesh Bindra / Helium-cooled, graphite moderated reactors have been considered for a future fleet of high temperature and high efficiency nuclear power plants. Nuclear-grade graphite is used in these reactors for structural strength, neutron moderation, heat transfer and, within a helium environment, has demonstrated stability at temperatures well above HTGR operating conditions. However, in the case of an air ingress accident, the oxygen introduced into the core can affect the integrity of the fuel graphite matrix. In this work a combination of computational models and mixed effects experiments were used to better understand the air ingress process and its potential effects on the heat removal capabilities of an HTGR design following an air-ingress accident. Contributions were made in the understanding of the air-ingress phenomenon, its potential effects on graphite, and in experimental and computational techniques.
The first section of this thesis focuses on experimental and computational studies that were undertaken to further the understanding of the Onset of Natural Convection (ONC) phenomenon expected to occur inside of an HTGR following an air ingress accident. The effects of two newly identified factors on ONC – i.e., the existence of the large volume of stagnate helium in a reactor's upper plenum, and the possibility of an upper head leak – were investigated.
Mixed-effects experimental studies were performed to determine the changes induced in nuclear grade graphite exposed to high-temperature, oxidizing flow of varying flow rates. Under all scenarios, the thermal diffusivity of the graphite test samples was shown to increase. Thermal conductivity changes due to oxidation were found to be minor in the tested graphite samples – especially compared to the large drop in thermal conductivity the graphite is expected to experience due to irradiation. Oxidation was also found to increase the graphite's surface roughness and create a thin outer layer of decreased density.
The effects of thermal contacts on the passive cooling ability of an HTGR were experimentally investigated. Conduction cool down experiments were performed on assemblies consisting of a number of rods packed into a cylindrical tube. Experimental conditions were then modeled using several different methodologies, including a novel graph laplacian approach, and their results compared to the experimentally obtained temperature data. Although the graph laplacian technique shows great promise, the 2–D Finite Element Model (FEM) provided the best results.
Finally, a case study was constructed in which a section of a pebble bed reactor consisting of a number of randomly packed, spherical fuel particles was modeled using the validated FEM technique. Using a discrete elements model, a stable, randomly packed geometry was created to represent the pebble bed. A conduction cool down scenario was modeled and the results from the FEM model were compared to best possible results obtainable from a more traditional, homogeneous 1–D approximation. When the graphite in the bed was modeled as both oxided and irradiated, the homogeneous method mispredicted the maximum temperature given by the 3–D, FEM model by more than 100°C.
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[en] NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF NON-ISOTHERMAL EVAPORATION IN THE PRESENCE OF NATURAL CONVECTION / [pt] ANÁLISE NUMÉRICA DE EVAPORAÇÃO NÃO ISOTÉRMICA EM PRESENÇA DE CONVECÇÃO NATURALALFREDO CRUZ JUNIOR 14 March 2018 (has links)
[pt] Neste trabalho é feita uma análise teórica e numérica da evaporação não isotérmica de um líquido contido em um recipiente cilíndrico parcialmente cheio, com paredes adiabáticas. Postula-se que a evaporação acontece em presença de convecção natural impulsionada por diferenças de massa específica, associadas com gradientes de temperatura e composição da mistura. Esta consiste de um gás e o vapor do líquido. Embora a formulação seja geral, o presente trabalho focaliza a evaporação de água para o ar. Estudou-se três situações. Um caso isotérmico, variante do clássico problema de difusão de Stefan, um Caso em que a temperatura do líquido é maior do que a temperatura ambiente e um terceiro caso no qual a temperatura do líquido é menor do que a do ambiente. Duas diferentes condições de contorno foram usadas na abertura do recipiente de modo a explorar a sensibilidade do escoamento às condições no topo. A distância entre a superfície do líquido e o topo variou de duas a dez vezes o raio do recipiente. Duas diferenças de
temperatura entre o líquido e o ambiente foram investigadas, 3 graus Celsius e - 2 graus Celsius. O ar ambiente foi considerado como sendo muito seco ou muito úmido. Encontrou-se que, quando a temperatura do líquido é maior do que a temperatura ambiente, a taxa de evaporação alcança valores até quatro vezes maiores do que para o caso isotérmico. Para o caso em que a temperatura do líquido é
menor do que a temperatura ambiente, a taxa de evaporação decresce para valores até duas vezes menores do que para o caso isotérmico. / [en] This work reports a theoretical and numerical analysis of the non-isothermal evaporation of a liquid contained in a partially filled cylinder vessel, with adiabatic walls. It is assumed that the evaporation occurs in the presence of natural convection driven by differences in specific mass associated with gradient of temperature and mixture composition. The mixture consist of a gas and the vapor of the evaporating liquid. Although the formulation is general, the specific focus of the present work is on the evaporation of water into air. Three situations were studied. An isothermal case, which is a variant of the classical Stefan diffusion problem, a case where the liquid temperature is higher than the ambient temperature, and a third case in which the liquid temperature is lower than the ambient. Two different boundary conditions were used at the openning of the vessel in a way to explore the sensitivity of the flow to the conditions on the top. The distance between the liquid surface and the top of the vessel varied from two to ten times the vessel radius. Two temperature differences between the liquid and the ambient were investigated, 3 degrees Celsius and - 2 degrees Celsius. The environmental air was considered to be either very dry or very wet. It was found that, when the liquid temperature is higher than the ambient temperature, the rate of evaporation can reach values up to four times larges than that for the isothermal case. For the case where the liquid temperature. is lower than the ambient temperature, the rate of evaporation decreases to values down to half of theisothermal case.
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The effects of natural convection on low temperature combustionCampbell, Alasdair Neil January 2007 (has links)
When a gas undergoes an exothermic reaction in a closed vessel, spatial temperature gradients can develop. If these gradients become sufficiently large, the resulting buoyancy forces will move the gas, i.e. there is natural convection. The nature of the resulting flow is determined by the Rayleigh number, Ra = (β g ΔT L^3) / (κ ν). The evolution of such a system will depend on the interactions of natural convection, diffusion of both heat and chemical species, and chemical reaction. This study is concerned with a gas-phase system undergoing Sal'nikov's reaction: P → A → B, in the presence of natural convection. This kinetic scheme is used as a simplified representation of a cool flame, which is a feature of the low temperature combustion of a hydrocarbon vapour. Sal'nikov's reaction is one of the simplest to display thermokinetic oscillations, such as those seen in cool flames. The behaviour of Sal'nikov's reaction in the presence of natural convection was investigated using a combination of analytical and numerical techniques. First, a numerical model was developed to compute the temperature, velocity and concentrations when a simple exothermic reaction occurs in a spherical batch reactor, the results of which could be compared with previous experimental measurements. Subsequently, a scaling analysis of Sal'nikov's reaction proceeding in a spherical reactor was performed. This yielded significant insight into the general behaviour of this and similar systems. The forms of the analytical scales were confirmed through comparison with the results from numerical simulations. These scales were used to predict how the system responds to changes in certain key process variables, such as the pressure and the size of the reactor. It was shown that the behaviour of this system is governed by the ratios of the characteristic timescales for diffusion, reaction and natural convection. These ratios were used to define a regime diagram describing the system. The behaviour in different parts of this regime diagram was characterised and regions in which oscillations occur were identified.
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