published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

Commentary on skilled trades occupations in Canada has been framed by two main paradigms: The dominant policy discourse has applied human capital theory to the dynamics of the skilled labour supply, often concentrating on intractable “problems” such as low apprenticeship participation and completion rates and an extreme gender imbalance in the trades. Sociological research has portrayed trades occupations as positions of structurally reproduced social disadvantage. This study adopts an alternate, neo-Weberian framework centred on the theory of economic social action. Social structure is treated in strictly nominalistic terms, and social action is rooted in the interest-oriented behaviour of socially embedded individuals. The study, undertaken in a large public-sector shipyard, involved both a pen-and-paper survey (N=509) of skilled trades workers and ten focus group interviews with 49 respondents from labour and management. The research questions addressed indicators of structural (dis)advantage and reproduction, as well as the specific mechanisms of social action operating within the study environment. The population shows a very distinct profile in terms of gender, ethnicity, and educational investment. Data on earnings, job security, and working conditions dispel any suspicion of economic disadvantage. Although a high proportion of incumbents have family connections to the skilled trades, an analysis of their siblings’ occupations refutes the supposition of structural determinism through the family. Instead, it is argued that both the social profile of the workforce and the high density of family and network connections reflect the use of “bridging” and “bonding” social capital strategies by study population members. The operative mechanisms include formal elements of the organization’s hiring practices, as well as institutionalized group norms and workplace culture. Through a “separatist” discourse that invokes notions of both “trade stigma” and “trade pride,” incumbents ascribe a particular set of cognitive and moral attributes to trades workers, which also contribute to defining the formal and informal membership requirements for their occupations. By approaching occupations as sites of economic social action, this research concludes that some of the intractable “problems” in Canada’s apprenticeable trades reflect individual behaviours that are enabled and incited by institutional features integral to the present skilled trades system.

<p> Increased activity at ports is an indication of economic development and growth; however, it also puts public health, regional air quality and global climate at risk because the exhaust from the marine diesel engines is not subjected to the stringent regulations as on-road engines. This dissertation characterizes the effectiveness of strategies and technologies to mitigate criteria pollutants and the long-lived greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO₂) from marine diesel engines. The dissertation also provides insight into the current state-of-art of gaseous and particulate matter portable emission measurement system (PEMS). Results from a project show how to determine the measurement allowance for PEMS in order to provide accurate measurements for the development of emission inventories and subsequently, air pollution mitigating regulations. </p><p> In-use gaseous emissions from the two main engines were measured at sea for the first time in order to evaluate the performance of a Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) compliant PEMS against instruments meeting the simplified measurement method (SMM) complaint with International Maritime Organization (IMO). </p><p> For the first time, emissions were measured from a modern container vessel with newest engine technologies. The vessel was operated on marine gas oil, a cleaner fuel, in regulated waters and on heavy fuel oil in unregulated waters. Impact of cleaner fuel and newest technologies on the engine was assessed. A simple equation was developed to estimate time required to completely switch fuels which can be used by vessel owners to comply with regional/international fuel regulations. </p><p> Vessel speed reduction (VSR), which is a worldwide acceptable strategy for ocean-going vessels (OGVs), was evaluated. The study showed that putting a speed limit on a container OGVs as they sail near ports and coastlines could cut emissions of air pollutants by up to 70%. This study also found that by reducing the vessel speed by a mere 3-6 knots from cruise speed will result in significant reductions of criteria pollutants and carbon dioxide. </p><p> Towards the goal of reducing emissions and dependency on fossil fuels, this dissertation explores benefits of consuming hydrotreated algae biofuel in small marine diesel engines for the first time. Significant particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) benefits were reported with slight improve in fuel economy when fuel was switched from ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) to 50:50 blend of ULSD and algae fuels. </p><p> The dissertation investigates the benefits associated with the hybridization of the tugboat. A conventional tugboat was retrofitted with one auxiliary engine, shaft generators, addition of lithium polymer batteries and an energy management system. Up to 30% reduction in NO_x, PM_2.5 and CO₂ was found. The energy management system in the hybrid tugboat allows the use of the auxiliary engine for propulsion as opposed to the only main engines during transit mode, thus leading to the significant reductions. </p><p> Another section of this dissertation provides an evaluation of latest PM-PEMS under different environmental and in-use conditions and features performance, accuracy and precision of PM-PEMS compared to the gravimetric reference method. The research from this study shows current PM-PEMS typically underreport the PM emissions compared to the reference method, with the exception of PEMS with photo-acoustic technology which incorporated a gravimetric filter. All PM-PEMS under evaluation performed poorly when encountered with sulfate laden PM during diesel particulate filter (DPF) regeneration.</p>

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The initial aims of the project were to identify characteristics of the command process at Higher Command levels in the Royal Navy so that systems design could include decision aids at this important focal point"in the overall system (a naval Task Force). A prerequisite for formulating recommendations is an understanding "of the Task Force Commander's role and decision process. Consequently, an attempt was made early on to structure the Task Force command task. It became apparent that, without special measures, such a description could not be acquired. This thesis, therefore, is the story of a project about collecting data and informa tion, using it and then interpret ting it for the aboye purposes. Since there was little known about how to achieve an understanding of senior decision making, especially in potentially unstructured areas like the naval Higher Command function in a conflict environment, appropriate measures were developed to do so. The overall methodology designed consisted of: a) basic research; b) interview techniques; c) scientific gaming procedure; and d) a data collection-in-action regime. The methodology sought to use 'laboratory' techniques initially to acquire enough insight to then mount a study of clients "in action". It was considered necessary to supplement the former types of methods (interviews and gaming activities) with versions actually involving the clients when performing their role (in the form of a structured self-report study). The overall methodology was rooted in the systems ideas of Checkland (1981) and Bowen's views on the OR process (1981 and 1984) . Both authors react against the traditional prescriptive, normative approach of text book OR practitioners. The latter pursui t ignores messy, human aspects of organisational life and requires that a problem situation is well understood so that applied mathematical techniques can be used to formulate and then , solve' a problem. Most high-level decision problems, though, cannot be so formulated. This thesis is an attempt to formulate and understand high-level decision problems in a different way, using different techniques, but with a similar aim of arriving at useful and meaningful decision support recommendations. The methods to be described should start to fill the gap that exists at the moment in the OR repertoire of methodology catering for such needs. It was not possible to implement the overall methodology in the naval context. The industrial phase of the research was therefore initiated so that all of the phases could be tested in an albeit limited programme. Some preliminary insights and findings emerged in both contexts. Essentially, high-level decision makers approach their tasks differently. They have differing priorities also - as revealed by the interview and gaming phases. However, the data collection-in-action study (implemented in an industrial context only) revealed that what happens in reality (when they are at work) does not fully reflect the pattern of priorities revealed in the laboratory studies. Consequently, it is necessary to use other means to arrive at a complete picture of their decision making process. The overall methodology includes the interview and gaming phases because they are necessary to acquire enough insights to mount a data collection-in-action study later on. Also, they have other research and training uses. The ~hesis also includes the use of an analysis technique (based on Hogberg 1985) which assists with the appreciation of high-level decision making problems. The technique forms the basis of a proposed decision support system for both military and industrial contexts.

<p> Noise generated by flow over rough surfaces is an important issue in naval applications and in aeronautical engineering. This work numerically investigates roughness-induced noise from low-Mach-number turbulent boundary layers. The computational approach is based on Lighthill's acoustic analogy with acoustic sources obtained from large-eddy simulation. An acoustic formulation is derived, which shows that each roughness element acts as an individual in-plane dipole source strengthened by its image in the wall. Flow configurations investigated include boundary-layer flows over a single hemispherical roughness element, a pair of streamwisely aligned hemispherical elements and three roughness fetches consisting of 10 &times; 4 hemispherical, cuboidal and cylindrical roughness elements, respectively.</p><p> Results for a single hemispherical roughness element and a pair of hemispherical elements show that the spanwise dipole, which has been overlooked before, is of larger or similar strength compared to the streamwise dipole. The viscous contribution to the dipoles is negligible compared to the pressure contribution. The main sound sources arise from the impingement of incoming turbulence and the unsteady horse-shoe vortices generated around the element. The roughness-induced unsteady wake motions are unimportant as a source of self noise. However, they significantly enhance sound radiation from a downstream hemisphere.</p><p> The effects of multi-element interactions and the roughness shape are investigated with arrays of 10 &times; 4 sparsely distributed hemispheres, cuboids and short cylinders. The dipole strength, orientation and spatial distribution show strong dependence on the roughness shape. Correlations between dipole sources associated with neighboring elements are found to be small for these sparsely distributed roughness arrays. Correlations and coherence between roughness dipoles and surface pressure fluctuations are analyzed, which reveals the importance of the impingement of upstream turbulence and surrounding vortical structures to dipole sound radiation, especially in the streamwise direction. For roughness shapes with sharp frontal edges, the edge-induced unsteady separation and reattachment also play important roles in sound generation. Large-scale turbulent structures in the boundary layer have a relatively low influence on roughness dipoles, except for the first row of elements.</p>

This thesis is a study of disputes and conflicts between officers and men in the Royal Navy between 1793 and 1814. The first part is a general introduction to shipboard life and work, discipline, resistance and protest, and to the sailors' culture and politics. The second part is a detailed study of the mutinies on the Culloden in 1794 and the Defiance in 1795, paying particular attention to the organization of the sailors, the strategy of the officers and the function and working of court martials. The third part is a more general history of the sailors' protests and mutinies between 1796 and 1814. These mutinies and protests are situated with regard to the changing balance of forces between officers and men in the Navy as a whole during these years. The thesis is largely based on the verbatim transcipts of court martials in the Royal Navy that are now part of the Admiratly Records at the Public Record Office. It is intended as a contribution to the social history of the Royal Navy and the labour history of the period.

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To meet the demands for increasing the speed and improving the seakeeping behaviour of commercial and naval ships, this thesis investigates a new type of ship configuration - The Trimaran Displacement Ship, it features a slender centre hull and two small side hulls. The design methodology and hydrodynamic performance of this new ship concept has been investigated through design studies, model experiments and theoretical analysis. Potential advantages of the trimaran ship are, lower wavemaking resistance at high speed, larger deck area, and improved seakeeping behaviour compared with existing ship types. Firstly, existing marine vessel types, both monohulls and multihulls, are reviewed with regard to their advantages and limitations. The new trimaran concept and its background is then described from its initiation by a desire of inheriting advantages and avoiding limitations of these existing ship types. Namely, achieving the low resistance of slender monohulls and large deck area of multihulls, whilst eliminating the speed limit of conventional monohulls and the stiff roll motion of catamarans. The review of the trimaran ships design studies shows the potential applications of this new concept in commercial and naval roles. The feasibility of the new concept and the methodology required for its design are investigated through the concept design studies of. a trimaran fast ferry (Figure 1) and the hull form design for a trimaran model ship (Figure 2) for seakeeping experiments. This provides an initial view on the design procedure and basic design considerations for the trimaran ship. The parametric study in the trimaran ferry design gives the basic parameters for trimaran hull forms. Hydrodynamic performance of the trimaran ship has been investigated through model experiments and theoretical analysis on seakeeping, resistance, and manoeuvrability. Good agreements between theoretical predictions and model experiments have been achieved. This shows the merit of the computer programs developed during the investigation so they can be used in future trimaran ship designs for hydrodynamic performance assessments. A three dimensional theory is used in the trimaran motion analysis. Roll damping characteristics of the trimaran ship has been examined by including viscous effects in roll damping which can be derived either by simulating damping data from free decay experiments or by direct computation, that has been shown to improve the roll motion predictions. Systematic investigation into the wavemaking resistance of the trimaran ship reveals the relationship between the side hull configuration and the resistance performance. Wave cancellation effects can be achieved when the side hulls are appropriately located to further reduce the wavemaking resistance of the trimaran ship. A manoeuvrability study concentrated on the effect of the side hulls on the turning ability of the trimaran ship as well as the effect of side hull propulsion. Following the hydrodynamic analysis of the trimaran ship, the design procedure and general considerations in trimaran ship design distinctive from other ship types are proposed and discussed with particular reference to stability and hydrodynamic performance. Trimaran hull form options are also discussed alongside some other design considerations. The thesis concludes that the new trimaran displacement ship shows superior characteristics in some hydrodynamic aspects over existing marine vessels, particularly in resistance and seakeeping, and therefore there is no reason why this novel concept can not be translated into real ships.