<p>Mobile Phone, without this we can’t think to pass a day in presence. We have found a rapid increase of mobile phone users from a few years ago till now. Day by day the modern technologies allow the mobile phone to become smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. This also creates new possibilities for applications and integrations of the classical broadcast systems and modern mobile phone technologies. One example is the FM transmitter in mobile phone. The FM transmitter in a mobile phone is a “cool” feature which allows listening to the music content in phone on a car or home radio.</p><p> </p><p>This thesis work deals with the near field characterization of FM transmitters in mobile phone applications. The RF scientists and engineers neglect the near field zone because typical RF links operate at distances of many wavelengths away where near field effects are totally insignificant. But in this work we are interested in the near field properties of the FM transmitter. We measured the field intensity at near field and estimated the field strength at the far field region at 3 meters. To measure the field intensity and the effective radiated power we used HR1 near field scanner. As this is a new measurement approach, we made the validation of this system by measuring a reference dipole antenna at 880MHz and then compare the measured results to the CST simulation results. A basic phone model of FM transmitter has been created by CST simulation and a prototype has been made which was also used as our DUT. After validation of the near field measurement system we measured our DUTs (3 models-one cable fed prototype and two active devices) with the near field system and estimate the effective radiated power and field intensity at 3 meter. Furthermore, we measured our DUTs at 3 meter with a far field measurement system with optical fiber connection. A feasible relation between field strength and measured power was defined in order to correlate the near field scanner results with the far field measurement system.</p><p> </p><p>This paper also provides a short design guide line for built in FM antennas by relating the antenna size and placement to input power and the field strength in mobile phone FM transmitter application</p>

Mobile Phone, without this we can’t think to pass a day in presence. We have found a rapid increase of mobile phone users from a few years ago till now. Day by day the modern technologies allow the mobile phone to become smaller, cheaper, and more reliable. This also creates new possibilities for applications and integrations of the classical broadcast systems and modern mobile phone technologies. One example is the FM transmitter in mobile phone. The FM transmitter in a mobile phone is a “cool” feature which allows listening to the music content in phone on a car or home radio.   This thesis work deals with the near field characterization of FM transmitters in mobile phone applications. The RF scientists and engineers neglect the near field zone because typical RF links operate at distances of many wavelengths away where near field effects are totally insignificant. But in this work we are interested in the near field properties of the FM transmitter. We measured the field intensity at near field and estimated the field strength at the far field region at 3 meters. To measure the field intensity and the effective radiated power we used HR1 near field scanner. As this is a new measurement approach, we made the validation of this system by measuring a reference dipole antenna at 880MHz and then compare the measured results to the CST simulation results. A basic phone model of FM transmitter has been created by CST simulation and a prototype has been made which was also used as our DUT. After validation of the near field measurement system we measured our DUTs (3 models-one cable fed prototype and two active devices) with the near field system and estimate the effective radiated power and field intensity at 3 meter. Furthermore, we measured our DUTs at 3 meter with a far field measurement system with optical fiber connection. A feasible relation between field strength and measured power was defined in order to correlate the near field scanner results with the far field measurement system.   This paper also provides a short design guide line for built in FM antennas by relating the antenna size and placement to input power and the field strength in mobile phone FM transmitter application

In the literatures of investigating the coupling mechanism between laser diodes and fibers, Gaussian beam profile was used to describe the propagation of laser beams. But the real laser diode beams exist astigmatism. In order to understand the distributions of real laser diode beams, we used single-mode fiber interferometer to measure the near-field intensity and phase distributions of laser diodes. The nanometer aperture of taper fiber was used to scan through the horizontal and vertical directions across the maximal intensity point of the planes which were perpendicular to propagation axis to measure the intensity and phase distributions of laser diodes. In the measurement of phase distributions, these two single-mode fibers produced interference fringes through accepting laser beams. When the taper fiber scanned the optical field and the reference fiber kept a fixed distance from a laser diode for a stationary phase, the interference fringes shifted because of the phase difference of laser diodes change. In the measurement, in order to improve the stability of interference fringes and consider the aperture of taper fiber, we altered some experiment frameworks. There were four types of experimental framework. According to the experiment results of the near-field measurements, the measured beam widths along the horizontal and vertical directions at the laser diode facet were 4.11 £gm and 1.57 £gm respectively. The measured wavefront radius curvature were 6.59 £gm and 2.96 £gm in horizontal axis and vertical axis respectively. After Gaussian beam fitting, the beam widths along the horizontal and vertical directions at the laser diode facet were 4.04 £gm and 0.83 £gm respectively. The difference in beam widths between measured values and Gaussian fitting were 0.07 £gm and 0.74 £gm. The measured beam widths and the Gaussian beam curve fitting had similar results. We could see that the beam spread tendency in the z-axis for the laser beam which propagated in the z direction. In the phase distribution measurement, the measured wavefront radius curvatures and the theoretically calculated Gaussian beam values had a slight difference. The calculated wavefront radius curvatures at the laser diode facet were 11921.51 £gm and 3.48 £gm in horizontal axis and vertical axis respectively. They were 1809 times and 1.2 times of the measured values. The aperture of taper fiber was expanded because of the energy of laser beams, which also caused the spatial resolution degeneration. Moreover, the wavefront radius curvature in horizontal direction was biggish so the measurement framework also limited the ability of the phase distribution measurement. The above points were the reasons to cause the error of the phase distribution measurement. Furthermore, the measurement of the laser diode facet is under investigation.

­^¤åºK­n Electro-optic probing techniques are advancing rapidly in recent years. These techniques have been proven to be an effective tool in parameter extraction of semiconductor devices such as response time, delay time as well as scattering parameters. Not only the magnitude of the electric field but also the direction of the corresponding E-field direction are measured in several developed electro-optic probing system. By incorporated these techniques, the near-field electric field vectors can be estimated and they are valuable information for the analysis of RF circuit devices, e.g., micro-strip transmission line, patch antenna, etc. When probing the 2-D E-field vectors, one can only measure 1-D E-field direction, then rotate the device under test by 90¢X for another orthogonal tangential E-field direction. However the process not only reduces the probing accuracy but also increases the time interval for achieving measurement and lead to obstacles in use. In the thesis, 2D E-field can be obtained without rotating the DUT by using two kinds of modulation schemes, i.e., compressed/stretched deformation modulation(CSDM) and rotational deformation modulation(RDM). These novel techniques provide a total solution for the above bottleneck and improve the sensitivity for different E-field direction. Besides, a heterodyne method is developed to measure the high frequency near-field 2D E-field distribution. By the heterodyne method, the EO probing system can incorporate the CW laser instead of the pulse laser for reducing the cost and enhancing the merits when applied.

This thesis proposed a near-field electromagnetic interference measurement framework to obtain sensitivity and spatial resolution of the characteristic parameters of magnetic probe based on International Electrotechnical Commission proposed for integrated circuits electromagnetic radiation measurement standards IEC 61967-6 : magnetic probe method. Using cross-coupled planar microwave bandpass filter which is realized by glass fiber board (FR4) for near-field measurement and electromagnetic simulation in comparsion. Nowadays, integrated circuits has become an important source of energy of overall electromagnetic interference in electronic systems. Finally, do near-field scanning measurement for a 64-pin wire-bond quad flat nonlead (WB-QFN) package and the voltage-controlled oscillator chip in 0.18 £gm CMOS technology by using high scanning resolution of microprobe. Then observes the chip-level and package-level electromagnetic interference, and achieve chip-level of near-field electromagnetic interference measurement techniques.

This dissertation presents the contributions and the research conducted in developing and implementing Microwave Tomography (MWT) systems. MWT is an imaging modality which aims to interrogate an object of interest by microwave energy, and quantitatively “find” the interior spatial distribution of its dielectric properties using field measurements taken outside the object. Due to the inherent non-linearity of the MWT problem, a substantial amount of electromagnetic scattering data is required to ensure a robust inversion and quantitatively accurate imaging results. This research benefits a variety of applications including biomedical imaging, industrial non-destructive testing, and security applications. Developing a MWT system, requires many critical components including the bandwidth and polarization purity of the collected fields as well as calibration of the fields scattered by the object of interest. Two generations of MWT systems were designed, implemented, calibrated and tested at the University of Manitoba (UM). These systems aim different approaches for near-field measurements which are referred to as the direct and indirect methods. With regard to the antenna design, a novel methodology applicable to broadband planar antennas is introduced. This technique is based on a combination of field modelling, herein, the finite element method and transmission line modelling. In the first generation of the UM MWT systems, a suitable antenna system was utilized. The system under study was a prototype, where twenty-four co-resident antennas encircle the object of interest to directly measure the fields. In the second generation of the UM MWT systems, the feasibility of using a novel technique to indirectly measure the fields by a secondary array of near-field scatterer probes was studied. The technique is based on the Modulated Scatterer Technique (MST). In this system, antennas are called ``collectors", since the role of antennas are changed to collecting probes' scattered fields. A number of PIN diodes were utilized to activate the probes. Finally, the capability of the probe system was investigated and its performance with the previously constructed tomography systems was compared. Various dielectric phantoms were utilized to test the accuracy of the systems.

This dissertation presents the contributions and the research conducted in developing and implementing Microwave Tomography (MWT) systems. MWT is an imaging modality which aims to interrogate an object of interest by microwave energy, and quantitatively “find” the interior spatial distribution of its dielectric properties using field measurements taken outside the object. Due to the inherent non-linearity of the MWT problem, a substantial amount of electromagnetic scattering data is required to ensure a robust inversion and quantitatively accurate imaging results. This research benefits a variety of applications including biomedical imaging, industrial non-destructive testing, and security applications. Developing a MWT system, requires many critical components including the bandwidth and polarization purity of the collected fields as well as calibration of the fields scattered by the object of interest. Two generations of MWT systems were designed, implemented, calibrated and tested at the University of Manitoba (UM). These systems aim different approaches for near-field measurements which are referred to as the direct and indirect methods. With regard to the antenna design, a novel methodology applicable to broadband planar antennas is introduced. This technique is based on a combination of field modelling, herein, the finite element method and transmission line modelling. In the first generation of the UM MWT systems, a suitable antenna system was utilized. The system under study was a prototype, where twenty-four co-resident antennas encircle the object of interest to directly measure the fields. In the second generation of the UM MWT systems, the feasibility of using a novel technique to indirectly measure the fields by a secondary array of near-field scatterer probes was studied. The technique is based on the Modulated Scatterer Technique (MST). In this system, antennas are called ``collectors", since the role of antennas are changed to collecting probes' scattered fields. A number of PIN diodes were utilized to activate the probes. Finally, the capability of the probe system was investigated and its performance with the previously constructed tomography systems was compared. Various dielectric phantoms were utilized to test the accuracy of the systems.

Cílem disertační práce je navrhnout efektivně pracující algoritmus, který na základě bezfázového měření v blízkém poli antény bude schopen zrekonstruovat komplexní blízké pole antény resp. vyzařovací diagram antény ve vzdáleném poli. Na základě těchto úvah byly zkoumány vlastnosti minimalizačního algoritmu. Zejména byl analyzován a vhodně zvolen minimalizační přistup, optimalizační metoda a v neposlední řadě i optimalizační funkce tzv. funkcionál. Dále pro urychlení celého minimalizačního procesu byly uvažovány prvotní odhady. A na závěr byla do minimalizačního algoritmu zahrnuta myšlenka nahrazující hledané elektrické pole několika koeficienty. Na základě předchozích analýz byla navržená bezfázová metoda pro charakterizaci vyzařovacích vlastností antén. Tato metoda kombinuje globální optimalizaci s obrazovou kompresní metodou a s lokální metodou ve spojení s konvečním amplitudovým měřením na dvou površích. V našem případě je globální optimalizace použita k nalezení globálního minima minimalizovaného funkcionálu, kompresní metoda k redukci neznámých proměnných na apertuře antény a lokální metoda zajišťuje přesnější nalezení minima. Navržená metoda je velmi robustní a mnohem rychlejší než jiné dostupné minimalizační algoritmy. Další výzkum byl zaměřen na možnosti využití měřených amplitud pouze z jednoho měřícího povrchu pro rekonstrukci vyzařovacích charakteristik antén a využití nového algoritmu pro rekonstrukci fáze na válcové geometrii.