Chu Lut-Hey. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-140). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.II / Acknowledgement --- p.V / List of Tables --- p.IX / List of Figures --- p.X / List of Abbreviations --- p.XIII / Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Objectives.l --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- What is diabetes mellitus?. --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- "Review of ""Technique for blood glucose measurement""" --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Conventional blood glucose meter --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Semi-invasive blood glucose meter --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Surfacelasmon resonance (SPR) method --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Non-invasive blood glucose meters --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research directions --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- Data analysis methods --- p.9 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.10 / Chapter 2 --- Spectral Data Analysis Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- What is spectral data? --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Nature of spectral data --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3 --- How to interpret the spectral data? --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Linear regression --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Multiple linear regression (MLR) --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Data reduction --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Bilinear modeling (BLM) --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- artial least square regression (PLSR) --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Model reliability --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- LS segmentation analysis --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4 --- Session discussion and conclusion --- p.27 / Chapter 3 --- Surfacelasmon Resonance (SPR) Experiments and Analysis / Chapter 3.1 --- Intrcduction --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2 --- Theory --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Maxwell's equations --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- olarization of EM wave --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Boundary condition --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Total internal reflection --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- hase shift of total internal reflection wave --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Kretschmannrism configuration --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Conditions affecting SPR --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3 --- Different SPR configuration systems --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- rinciple of angular-based interrogation SPR setup --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- rinciple of intensity-based interrogation SPR setup --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- rinciple of wavelength-based interrogation SPR setup --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- hase-based interrogation SPR setup --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Michelson Interferometer --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Thehase-based setup --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Comparison and discussion of different configurations --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4 --- SPR experiment adopts wavelengths-based interrogation setup --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- The experiment setup --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Samplereparation --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Experiment Result using 928 nm and 1120 nm initial resonant wavelength --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Experimental data analysis --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Conventional SPR data analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4.2.1.1 --- Data analysis using minimum hunting witholynomial fit --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- LS regression analysis for SPR data --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5 --- Session discussion and conclusion --- p.71 / Chapter 4 --- Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment and Analysis / Chapter 4.1 --- Overview of near-infrared spectroscopy --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Electromagnetic spectrum --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Molecules vibration --- p.76 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Law of absorption: Lambert-Beer Law --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2 --- Near Infrared Spectrometer --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Dispersive NIR spectrometer --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Fourier-Transformed NIR spectrometer --- p.83 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Comparison between dispersive NIR and FT-NIR spectrometers --- p.85 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Self-established monochromator based spectrometer --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- Choose of detector andhotonic signal conversion unit --- p.90 / Chapter 4.3 --- Experimental result of NIR-spectrum by self-established spectrometer --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- New approach for improving RMSEP without normalization of water spectrum as background information --- p.105 / Chapter 4.4 --- Experimental results of NIR-spectrum by commercial spectrometers --- p.109 / Chapter 4.5 --- Instrumentation limitation of NIR spectrometer --- p.117 / Chapter 4.6 --- Session Discussion and conclusion --- p.119 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusions and Suggestions for the Future Work / Chapter 5.1 --- Research aim and contributions --- p.126 / Chapter 5.2 --- Discussion on experiments --- p.128 / Chapter 5.3 --- Future work --- p.131 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.134 / Reference: --- p.136 / Appendixes: --- p.141 / Appendix A Different approaches for non-invasive glucose measurement --- p.142 / Appendix B Calibration model of the SPR experimental result with 1120 nm as initial resonance wavelength --- p.145 / Appendix C Matlabrogram written for data analysis and simulation --- p.146 / Appendix D Detail specification of the monochromator using in our laboratory --- p.150 / Appendix E Monochromator Controlrogram --- p.156 / Appendix F The throughput example copied from the handbook of ORIEL Instruments --- p.165 / Appendix G RMSEPlot of the data obtained by self-established spectrometer with and without datare-treatments --- p.166 / "Appendix H RMSEPlot of the raw data obtained from the three different commercial machines (Vector-22N/C, NIRSystem 6500 and NIRSystem XDS) with and without datare-treatment" --- p.176

In addition, two unknown vibronic bands have been observed in the 12150 cm-1 region and 12450 cm-1 region. From the observed linewidths, isotopic shift of the transition frequency and appearance of intricate spectral pattern, it is plausible that these bands may be due to C2 under the perturbation of a state inaccessible by dipole transition. Further analysis of these bands are underway. / The unprecedented sensitivity and resolution achieved by our spectrometer allows the measurement of the very weak Phillips band system (A 1piu - X1Sigmag +) of C2 in the plasma of methane and helium at a ratio of 1:170 generated under very mild ac hollow cathode discharge conditions. A total of eleven vibronic bands of the Phillips system have been observed in the region from 10300 cm-1 to 14250 cm-1 and analyzed based on the previous work. Combining the observed transition frequencies with those from Douay et al. [J. Mol. Spectrosc. 131, 250 (1988)], a set of spectroscopic constants for both the X1Sigma g+ and A1piu states have been obtained using least-squares fitting. Excellent agreement has been found between determined molecular constants and those found in the literature. The observation of the high upsilon levels in the 1piu state allows the determination of high order anharmonic constants oeze and oeae for the first time. / This thesis reports the construction of a custom-designed experimental setup for the high resolution near infrared spectroscopic studies of molecular ions and radicals generated in gaseous plasma. The home-built near infrared spectrometer system has a frequency resolution of 500 kHz and a frequency accuracy of ∼0.0010 cm-1 with a detection sensitivity of DeltaI/I of 10-6 using zero background concentration modulated phase sensitive detection scheme. An in-house program has been designed for data acquisition, frequency calibration and data processing and storage. / Yeung, Shun Hin. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-134). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a widely used technique in quantitative analytical applications. Near-infrared spectroscopy is commonly used in clinical, environmental and industrial applications because of its compatibility with aqueous samples and with relatively thick samples. However, NIR spectra typically contain weak and highly overlapped spectral features which require multivariate data analysis techniques (chemometrics) to yield meaningful and chemically relevant information. This dissertation consists of two main themes which include applications of NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to (1) model temperatures in clinically relevant aqueous-based samples and (2) model temperature and moisture content in nylon-6,6 polymers. This research employed overtone and combination bands of C-H, O-H and N-H bonds situated in the 4000 - 5000 cm-1 region to develop partial least-squares (PLS) regression models to predict analyte properties such as temperature, concentration and moisture content. The research described in the first part of this dissertation includes the development of a spectral preprocessing strategy based on the standard variate transform (SNV) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to isolate the low-frequency baseline information which carries the spectral features due to temperature fluctuations in aqueous-based samples. This approach was used to develop calibration models to determine the temperature of aqueous-based samples directly from their NIR spectra. This is an important development due to the fact that extreme temperature sensitivity of the underlying water bands can lead to poor quantitative analyte prediction results. These temperature models were developed using pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solutions spanning the range of 20 to 40.5 °C. Following the temperature models, a temperature-correction strategy based on the systematic pattern of concentration residuals was successfully developed to improve quantitative analyte predictions in aqueous-based samples. These analyte prediction models included glucose solutions and glucose-lactate mixture solutions prepared in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. The computed temperature models gave excellent long-term prediction results. The temperature correction strategy gave promising results with the glucose solutions as well as the glucose-lactate mixture solutions. The research presented in the second part of this dissertation includes the development of calibration models to determine the temperature and moisture content of a piece of nylon-6,6 polymer directly from its NIR spectrum combining SNV and DWT procedures followed by PLS regression. Both models gave good long-term prediction results and predicted well across different nylon-6,6 sheets. Computed moisture model provides a reliable and fast method to determine the moisture content of a nylon polymer when compared to existing techniques. Extended research towards polymer characterization including preliminary investigations of inhomogeneous nature of nylon polymers using infrared microscopy is documented in the latter part of this dissertation.

Investigation of the NIR cyanine dye MHI-36 shows binding affinity to charged amino acids. This cyanine dye showed aggregation and dimer formation at higher dye concentration (2.0x10-3 M) induced by lysine. When dye concentration decreased to 1.0x10-4M no strong aggregate formation was viewed. Dye shows strong binding and selectivity properties towards charged amino acids lysine and arginine, compared to neutral leucine. It’s believed the positively charged presence was able to break and disrupt the conjugated π- π bonds at lower dye concentration. Computational work showed intramolecular aggregation of the phenyl groups on the dye. These aggregates are believed to create electron rich environment suitable for lysine interaction.

In this Medical Physics M.Sc. project, a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging system was built for in-vivo diagnosis and evaluation of pigmented skin abnormalities and diseases. Light coming from a 785 nm diode laser is coupled into a ring light guide to uniformly illuminate the skin surface with a field-of-view (FOV) of 25 mm diameter. The diffuse reflectance and emitted fluorescence photons are collected by an NIR-sensitive CCD camera, with computer-controlled filter switch to select between reflectance mode and fluorescence mode. Both reflectance and fluorescence images of skin disorders were obtained with an exposure time of 2 seconds. The results show that cutaneous melanin in pigmented skin disorders emits higher NIR autofluorescence (AF) than surrounding normal tissue. This finding challanged the conventional concept that melanin is a non-fluorescence substance. The developed NIR autofluorescence imaging method also provided a new and direct way to characterize cutaneous melanin and can potentially be used for evaluation and diagnosis of pigmented skin diseases and skin cancers, such as melanoma.

In this Medical Physics M.Sc. project, a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging system was built for in-vivo diagnosis and evaluation of pigmented skin abnormalities and diseases. Light coming from a 785 nm diode laser is coupled into a ring light guide to uniformly illuminate the skin surface with a field-of-view (FOV) of 25 mm diameter. The diffuse reflectance and emitted fluorescence photons are collected by an NIR-sensitive CCD camera, with computer-controlled filter switch to select between reflectance mode and fluorescence mode. Both reflectance and fluorescence images of skin disorders were obtained with an exposure time of 2 seconds. The results show that cutaneous melanin in pigmented skin disorders emits higher NIR autofluorescence (AF) than surrounding normal tissue. This finding challanged the conventional concept that melanin is a non-fluorescence substance. The developed NIR autofluorescence imaging method also provided a new and direct way to characterize cutaneous melanin and can potentially be used for evaluation and diagnosis of pigmented skin diseases and skin cancers, such as melanoma.

Three studies utilizing a single group of growing beef steers were conducted to ascertain the effects of tick stress on cattle and to evaluate the use of bio-forensic techniques of detection. Steers (n = 28, 194 ± 3.0 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement: moderate (14.0 ± 1.0% CP, 60 ± 1.5% TDN) versus low (7.0 ± 1.0% CP, 58 ± 1.5% TDN) plane of nutrition, and control (no tick) versus tick treatment (300 pair of adult (Amblyomma americanum) per treated animal). Steers were individually fed experimental diets ad libitum for 35 days prior to and 21 days following the start of tick infestation (day 0), with peak tick feeding occurring 10 to 14 days post tick infestation. In study 1, blood was sampled on day -7, 0, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17 and 21, and plasma analyzed for metabolic and endocrine indicators. Within the low plane of nutrition, IGF-1 (ng/ml) was greater in control (P < 0.05) than in the tick treated (139.57 ± 9.3 vs 111.4 ± 9.3) group. Within the moderate plane of nutrition, tick treated cattle had higher (P < 0.05) plasma cortisol than nontreated. In study 2, fecal samples were analyzed for metabolic, endocrine and immunologic indicators. Fecal cortisol was the only constituent measured that was affected by treatment and not by plane of nutrition. The highest average daily fecal cortisol observed was for day 13, during peak tick feeding and after six days of repeated blood sampling. In study 3, near infrared spectra were obtained in the 1100-2498 nm range. Spectra were assembled into groups by plane of nutrition, treatment, and by plane of nutrition by treatment. Periods of 7 ± 1 days correspond to significant delineations in the tick feeding cycle. There were differences in pre-infestation versus infestation fecal spectra within the tick treated groups in both the moderate and low planes of nutrition. These differences can not be wholly attributed to tick treatment, but may have also been affected by blood sampling stress.

Neuroscientists have uncovered much about the dorsal and ventral visual object processing pathways. However, little is understood about the functional development of these pathways in human infants. Behavioral data has shown that as early as 2.5 months, infants are sensitive to spatiotemporal information for object individuation in occlusion events. This study used Near Infrared Spectroscopy to assess neural activation (as evidenced by an increase in HbO2) in four areas of the pathways: primary visual cortex (O1), posterior parietal cortex (P3), lateral occipital (T5), and inferior temporal (T3) in awake human infants aged 5.5 months while they view either a spatiotemporaldiscontinuity event or a control event. Three major predictions were made: 1) since the events contain visually distinct objects, there should be significant neural activation in O1 to both events, 2) if the dorsal route mediates the processing of spatiotemporal discontinuities, then there should also be a significant increase in P3 in response to the spatiotemporal-discontinuity event but not to the control event, and 3) activation present in T3 and T5 should not vary by condition if the ventral pathway is not responsible for the processing of spatiotemporal discontinuities. Results supported all three predictions.

Silicon has been the material of choice of the photonics industry over the last decade due to its easy integration with silicon electronics as well as its optical transparency in the near-infrared telecom wavelengths. Besides these, it has very high refractive index, and also a broad optical transparency window over the entire mid-IR till about 8[Mu]m. Photonic crystal is well known that it can slow down the speed of light. It also can provide a universal platform for microcavity optical resonators with high quality factor Q and small modal volumes. The slow light effect, high Q and small modal volumes enhance light-matter interaction, together with high refractive index of silicon can be utilized to build a highly sensitive, high throughput sensor with small footprint. In this research, we have demonstrated highly compact and sensitive silicon based photonic crystal biosensor by engineering the photonic crystal microcavity in both cavity size and cavity-waveguide coupling condition. We have developed solutions to increase biosensor throughput by integrating multimode interference device and improving the coupling efficiency to a slow light photonic crystal waveguides. We have also performed detailed investigations on silicon based photonic devices at mid-infrared region to develop an ideal platform for highly sensitive optical absorption spectroscopy on chip. The studies have led to the demonstration of the first slot waveguide, the first photonic crystal waveguide, and the first holey photonic crystal waveguide and first slotted photonic crystal waveguide in silicon-on-sapphire at mid-infrared. The solutions and devices we developed in our research could be very useful for people to realize an integrated photonic circuit for biological and chemical sensing in the future. / text

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