Os antagonistas adrenérgicos dos receptores ?, tais como o nebivolol, podem reduzir a mortalidade dos pacientes na fase crônica da doença de Chagas causada pelo Trypanossoma cruzi. O nebivolol está disponível na clínica como mistura racêmica dos isómeros d e l com duplo mecanismo de ação. O d-nebivolol é antagonista do receptor adrenérgico ?1, enquanto o l-nebivolol é responsável pelas propriedades vasodilatadoras do fármaco. O nebivolol é metabolizado principalmente por glicuronidação e metabolismo oxidativo dependente do CYP2D6, formando os glicuronídeos do nebivolol e os metabólitos hidroxilados do nebivolol, os quais contribuem para o antagonismo do receptor ?1 adrenérgico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência da doença de Chagas na farmacocinética-farmacodinâmica dos isômeros do nebivolol e seus metabólitos em pacientes idosos metabolizadores rápidos para o CYP2D6. Foram investigados pacientes idosos portadores da doença de Chagas (n = 11) e idosos hipertensos (n = 11) previamente fenotipados como metabolizadores extensivos (EM) ou metabolizadores lentos (PM) para o CYP2D6, usando o metoprolol como fármaco marcador (21 EM e 1 PM). As coletas seriadas de sangue foram realizadas até 48 h após a administração de dose única oral de 10 mg de nebivolol racêmico. As concentrações plasmáticas dos isômeros individuais do nebivolol e glicuronídeos do nebivolol foram avaliadas por LC-MS/MS. O método mostrou linearidade nas concentrações de 15-3000 pg de cada isômero do nebivolol/mL de plasma e de 0,2-125 ng de cada isômero do glicuronídeo do nebivolol/mL de plasma. Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos foram avaliados usando o programa Phoenix (WinNonlin) e expressos em mediana, média e intervalo de confiança 95%. Os testes estatísticos foram utilizados para comparar os parâmetros farmacocinéticos entre os isômeros (teste de Wilcoxon) e entre os grupos (teste de Mann-Whithey); p < 0,05. A farmacocinética do nebivolol é estereosseletiva em pacientes idosos hipertensos portadores (9,7 vs.. 6,1 ng.h/mL) ou não (10,1 vs.. 5,4 ng.h/mL) da doença de Chagas forma crônica fenotipados como metabolizadores rápidos, com observação de maiores valores de AUC para o isômero l-nebivolol. A glicuronidação do nebivolol também é estereosseletiva em pacientes idosos hipertensos portadores (72,9 vs.. 311,6 ng.h/mL) ou não (65,3 vs.. 335,2 ng.h/mL) da doença de Chagas forma crônica fenotipados como metabolizadores rápidos, com observação de maiores valores de AUC para o isômero d-glicuronídeo. A doença de Chagas forma crônica não altera a farmacocinética e a capacidade de glicuronidação de ambos os isômeros do nebivolol em pacientes fenotipados como metabolizadores rápidos. Os valores de clearance do l-nebivolol (48,6 vs.. 14,3 L/h) e do d-nebivolol (48,4 vs.. 20,4 L/h) estimados pelo modelo populacional foram menores para os indivíduos fenotipados como metabolizadores lentos quando comparados com os ii metabolizadores rápidos do CYP2D6. O cálculo da biodisponibilidade dos isômeros individuais do nebivolol para os indivíduos metabolizadores rápidos (9% para o l-nebivolol e 5% para o d-nebivolol) e metabolizadores lentos (42% para o l-nebivolol e 29% para o d-nebivolol) do CYP2D6 permitiu inferir que o clearance não difere entre os isômeros na administração oral. As concentrações plasmáticas de nebivolol obtidas no presente estudo seguindo a administração de dose única oral de 10 mg de nebivolol racêmico a pacientes idosos hipertensos portadores ou não doença de Chagas não foram suficientes para detectar alterações nos intervalos PR, RR e QT, oriundos dos eletrocardiogramas, realizados nos mesmos tempos de colheita das amostras de sangue. Em conclusão, a doença de Chagas na forma crônica não alterou a farmacocinética e a farmacodinâmica dos isômeros do nebivolol nos idosos investigados. / Adrenergic antagonists in ? receptors, such as nebivolol may reduce mortality of patients in the chronic phase of Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Nebivolol is available as a racemic mixture of d and l isomers with dual mechanism of action. The d isomer is a ?1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, while the l isomer is responsible for the drug vasodilatory properties. Nebivolol is primarily metabolised by glucuronidation and oxidative metabolism dependent on CYP2D6 to form glucuronide and hydroxylated metabolites of nebivolol, which contribute to the antagonism of adrenergic receptor ?1. This study aims to evaluate the effect of Chagas disease on the pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of nebivolol isomers and its metabolites in CYP2D6 extensive metabolisers elderly patients. Hypertensive elderly patients with (n = 11) and without Chagas disease (n = 11) were previously phenotyped as extensive metabolizers (EM) or poor metabolizers (PM) for CYP2D6, applying metoprolol as a probe drug (21 EM and 1 PM). Serial blood samples were collected within 48 hours after a single oral dose administration of 10 mg racemic nebivolol. Plasma concentrations of nebivolol individual isomers and its glucuronides were measured by LC-MS/MS. The assay was linear over the rage of 15-3000 pg of each isomer of nebivolol/mL plasma and 0.2 to 125 ng of each isomer of nebivolol glucuronide/mL plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated applying Phoenix (WinNonlin) software and expressed as median, mean and 95% confidence interval. Statistical tests compared the pharmacokinetic parameters between isomers (Wilcoxon test) and between groups (Mann-Whithey test); p < 0.05. Pharmacokinetics of nebivolol is stereoselective in hypertensive elderly patients with (9.7 vs. 6.1 ng.h/mL) and without (10.1 vs 5.4 ng·h/mL) the chronic form of Chagas disease and phenotyped as extensive metabolisers, with higher AUC values for l-nebivolol. Nebivolol glucuronidation is also stereoselective in hypertensive elderly patients with (311.6 vs 72.9 ng.h/mL) and without (335.2 vs 65.3 ng.h/mL) the chronic form of Chagas disease and phenotyped as extensive metabolisers, with higher AUC values for d-glucuronide. The chronic form of Chagas disease does not alter the pharmacokinetics and glucuronidation capacity of either nebivolol isomers in patients phenotyped as extensive metabolizers. Clearance values for l-nebivolol (48.6 vs 14.3 L/h) and d-nebivolol (48.4 vs 20.4 L/h) estimated by the population model were lower for individuals phenotyped as CYP2D6 poor metabolisers compared to extensive metabolizers. Bioavailability calculation of individual nebivolol isomers for CYP2D6 extensive metabolisers (l-nebivolol 9%, d-nebivolol 5%) and poor metabolizers (l-nebivolol 42%, d-nebivolol 29%) made it possible to infer that clearance does not differ between the isomers in oral administration. Plasma concentrations of nebivolol observed in the present study following a single oral dose of 10 mg of racemic nebivolol to hypertensive elderly patients with and without Chagas disease were not sufficient to detect alterations in the PR, RR, and QT intervals in the electrocardiograms performed at the same iv times of blood sampling. In conclusion, Chagas disease in the chronic form did not alter the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of nebivolol isomers in the investigated elderly patients.

O nebivolol é um fármaco anti-hipertensivo, comercializado na forma de uma mistura equimolar dos enantiômeros RSSS e SRRR-nebivolol. Esses dois enantiômeros possuem propriedades farmacológicas distintas, o que sugere uma farmacocinética diferente entre ambos. Sendo assim, foram desenvolvidos dois métodos para a análise do nebivolol por eletroforese capilar (CE), um aquiral e outro quiral. O primeiro consistiu em um método para análise de forma farmacêutica comercial de comprimidos de nebivolol. Foram definidas as seguintes condições analíticas: capilar de sílica fundida 50 ?m de diâmetro interno (d.i) e 38 cm de comprimento efetivo (c.ef), eletrólito de corrida composto por tampão acetato de sódio 50 mM, pH 4,0, temperatura de 30 °C, tensão de 30 kV e detecção a 200 nm. O método desenvolvido permitiu a análise rápida e eficiente de comprimidos comerciais de nebivolol, sendo simples, seletivo, preciso e exato, está em conformidade com o guia de validação de métodos analíticos da ANVISA (2003), e foi aplicado para quantificação de comprimidos comerciais de nebivolol. O segundo método teve como objetivo realizar a análise enantiosseletiva da ligação do nebivolol à albumina humana do soro (HSA). Após a avaliação de diversos parâmetros, foram estabelecidas as seguintes condições analíticas: capilar de sílica fundida 50 ?m d.i e 38 cm c.ef, eletrólito de corrida composto por tampão acetato de sódio 50 mM, carboxi-metil-?-ciclodextrina 12,5 mM, 1% acetonitrila, pH 4,0, temperatura de 25 oC, tensão de 25 kV e detecção a 200 nm; e como técnica de stacking foi utilizada field amplified sample injection com plug de água (5 psi, 5 s) e injeção eletrocinética 5 kV por 30 s. Nesta condição foi obtida uma resolução de 1,58 e tempo de análise inferior a 25 minutos. No estudo de ligação à HSA foi observado que há enantiosseletividade na ligação, porém, este estudo ainda precisa ser melhor delineado em relação às concentrações de proteína e analito, bem como tempo de incubação e procedimento de filtração para separação das frações livre e ligada / Nebivolol is an anti-hypertensive drug, commercialized as a racemic mixture of RSSS and SRRR-nebivolol. Both enantiomers have distintict pharmacological properties, what suggests a different pharmacokinectis between them. Therefore, it was developed two methods for the nebivolol analysis by capillary electropforesis (CE), one of them is achiral and the other is chiral. The first method aimed the analysis of tablets. The analytical conditions were determined: silica fused capillary 50 ?m internal diameter (i.d.) and 38 cm effective length (ef. l.), running electrolyte composed by 50 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.0, 30 °C temperature, 0 kV applied voltage and 200 nm UV detection. The developed method allowed a quickly and efficient tablets analysis, being simple, selective, accurate and precise, and it is also in accordance with ANVISA (2003) analytical methods validation guide, and it was applied to the quantification of nebivolol in tablets. The second method aimmed to analyze the enantiosselective nebivolol binding to HSA. After the evaluation of many parameters, it was stabilished the following analytical conditions: 50 ?m i.d. and 38 cm ef.l. fused silica capillary, running electrolyte composed by 50 mM sodium acetate buffer, 12.5 mM carboxymethyl- ?-cyclodextrin, acetonytrile 1%, pH 4.0, 25 oC, 25 kV applied voltage and 200 nm UV detection; and as stacking technique it was applied field amplified sample injection with water plug(5 psi, 5 s) and 5 kV por 30 s eletrokinect injection. At this condition, it was possible to achive 1.58 resolution and less than 25 minutes of analysis. At the HSA binding study, it was observed an enantiosselectivity on the binding; however this study still needs better desing in conserne to analyte and protein concentration, as well as, incubation time and filtration proceadure to the separion of binded and free fractions.

L’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire (HTAP) est une maladie rare caractérisée par un remodelage des artères pré-capillaires pulmonaires lié à une dysfonction des cellules endothéliales (CE) conduisant à une prolifération cellulaire vasculaire. Cette prolifération conduit à une obstruction progressive du lit artériel et à l’augmentation des résistances vasculaires. L’hypertension pulmonaire (HTP) qui en résulte provoque une hypertrophie du ventricule droit aboutissant à la défaillance cardiaque et à la mort du patient. Actuellement le seul recours possible est la transplantation pulmonaire. Les mécanismes responsables de ce remodelage vasculaire sont encore peu connus. Les premiers travaux présentés mettent en évidence in situ un nouveau mécanisme impliqué dans ce remodelage. Au cours de ce processus, appelé transition endothélio-mésenchymateuse (EndoMT), les CE se désolidarisent de l’endothélium vasculaire et envahissent l’espace sous endothélial. Ce mécanisme s’accompagne d’une perte progressive du phénotype endothélial et du gain d’un phénotype mésenchymateux invasif et proliférant. L’EndoMT est impliquée dans la formation des lésions intimale et plexiforme. L’inhibition de l’EndoMT a donné des résultats prometteurs dans des modèles in vivo et in vitro d’HTAP. Cette découverte ouvre une nouvelle voie pour le traitement de la maladie. Dans un second projet nous avons confirmé le lien suspecté entre les chimiothérapies et la maladie veino-occlusive pulmonaire (MVOP), une forme d’HTP touchant les veines et veinules pulmonaires. L’étude des cas rapportés de MVOP consécutive à une chimiothérapie indiquent une forte incidence des agents alkylants, notamment du cyclophosphamide (CP), sur le développement de la MVOP. L’exposition au CP a provoqué une HTP associée à des lésions post-capillaires chez 3 espèces animales (souris, rat et lapin) confirmant ce lien. Nous espérons que nos travaux aboutiront à une plus grande vigilance concernant cette complication rare et sévère de l’exposition aux agents alkylants. De plus, nos travaux in vivo ont permis de mettre au point le tout premier modèle expérimental de MVOP. Au cours du dernier projet présenté, nous avons démontré que le nebivolol, un β-bloquant (β1 antagoniste β2 et β3 agoniste ayant un effet vasodilatateur) de 3ème génération, permettait d’améliorer les paramètres hémodynamiques et morphologiques, ainsi que la dysfonction endothéliale, liés à l’HTAP dans les modèles in vivo et in vitro. Ces travaux suggèrent la nécessité de réévaluer les recommandations actuelles, basées sur l’étude de β-bloquants non spécifiques de 1ère génération, qui proscrivent leur utilisation dans l’HTAP. En revisitant plusieurs aspects du remodelage vasculaire, ma thèse contribue ainsi à l’innovation thérapeutique dans l’HTAP. / Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease characterized by a severe modeling of the precapillary pulmonary arteries related to an endothelial cells (EC) dysfunction leading to vascular cell proliferation. This proliferation leads to a progressive obstruction of the distal pulmonary arterial bed and increases pulmonary vascular resistance. The resulting pulmonary hypertension (PH) leads to a progressive right ventricular hypertrophy, and subsequent right heart failure and death unless the patient receives a lung transplantation. The primary mechanisms that trigger the vascular remodeling remain poorly understood. In the first presented study, we discovered in situ a new pathological process involved in vascular remodeling in PAH. During this process called endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), the EC lose their cell-junctions to leave the endothelium and invade the subendothelial space. This phenomenon involves the progressive loss of the endothelial phenotype and the gain of a pro-invasive and pro-proliferative mesenchymal phenotype. This process is implicated in the pathogenesis of intimal and plexiform lesions. The inhibition of EndoMT gave promising results in experimental in vivo and in vitro models of PAH. This finding may have therapeutic implications for PAH. During a second project presented, we confirmed the suspected potential link between chemotherapies and the pulmonary veino-occlusive disease (PVOD). PVOD is a PH with vein and venular lesions. The systematic review of cases of chemotherapy induced PVOD cases suggests that alkylating agents, and cyclophosphamide (CP) in particular, represents a risk factor for the development of PVOD. In experimental models, CP exposure induced PH in three different animal models (mouse, rat, and rabbit). We hope that our findings will allow achieving greater vigilance against this rare and severe complication after alkylating agents exposure. Moreover our in vivo results lead to the development of the 1st experimental model of PVOD. In the last part, we demonstrated that nebivolol, a 3rd generation β-blocker (β1 antagonist, β2 & β3 agonist with vasodilator effect), improved PAH in in vitro and in vivo models. The actual guidelines, based on results obtained with non-specific 1st generation β-blockers, advice against the use of β-blockers in PAH. Our results suggest that the recommendation against β-blockers might be reevaluated taking into consideration their generation and specificity. By revisiting many aspects of vascular remodeling, my thesis contributes to therapeutic innovation in PAH.