Title: Application of Calculus of Variations Author: Anton'ın Bohata Department: Department of Mathematics Education Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Jana Star'a, CSc., Department of Mathematical Analysis Abstract: The thesis deals with the calculus of variation and its applica- tions. We recall the basic concepts from functional analysis that are needed to formulation of variational problems. Further, the simplest variational prob- lem is discussed. In particular, we present well-known Euler's equation which is a necessary condition of a local extremum of the given functional. The re- sults are then applied to solve various examples from geometry, physics, and economy. Some of these examples can be used to teach at secondary school. Keywords: Euler's equation, functionals, local extrema, calculus of variation

Les systèmes descripteurs incertains sont convenables pour la représentation des incertitudes d’un modèle, du comportement impulsif et des contraintes algébriques entre les variables d’état. Ils peuvent décrire bien plus de phénomènes qu’un système dynamique standard, mais, en conséquence, l’analyse des systèmes descripteurs incertains est aussi plus complexe. Des recherches sont menées de façon à réduire le degré de conservatisme dans l’analyse des systèmes descripteurs incertains. L’utilisation des fonctions de Lyapunov qui sont en mesure de générer des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes pour une telle évaluation y figurent. Les fonctions de Lyapunov polynomiales homogènes font partie de ces classes, mais elles n’ont jamais été employées pour les systèmes descripteurs incertains. Dans cette thèse, nous comblons ce vide dans la littérature en étendant l’usage des fonctions de Lyapunov polynomiales homogènes du cas incertain standard vers les systèmes descripteurs incertains. / Uncertain descriptor systems are a convenient framework for simultaneously representing uncertainties in a model, as well as impulsive behavior and algebraic constraints. This is far beyond what can be depicted by standard dynamic systems, but it also means that the analysis of uncertain descriptor systems is more complex than the standard case. Research has been conducted to reduce the degree of conservatism in the analysis of uncertain descriptor systems. This can be achieved by using classes of Lyapunov functions that are known to be able to provide necessary and sufficient conditions for this evaluation. Homogeneous polynomial Lyapunov functions constitute one of such classes, but they have never been employed in the context of uncertain descriptor systems. In this thesis, we fill in this scientific gap, extending the use of homogeneous polynomial Lyapunov functions from the standard uncertain case for the uncertain descriptor one.