Yip Nga-lam. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 151-164). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Medicinal Plants and Herbs --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Antitumor activities --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Successful examples - Camptothecin --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Successful examples - Taxol --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Compositae and its Traditional Functions --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- Antitumor Activity of Compositae --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Emilia sonchifolia --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Silymarin --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4 --- Wedelia Species --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Hepatoprotective effect --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Hypoglycemic effect --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Antimicrobial activity --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Antinociceptive activity --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Antifeedant and antifungal activities --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Trypanosomicidal effect --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Chemical constituents --- p.25 / Chapter 2.5 --- Sesquiterpene lactone --- p.27 / Chapter 2.6 --- Cell Cycle Control and Apoptosis --- p.30 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Cell cycle and its control in cancer therapy --- p.30 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Apoptosis --- p.36 / Chapter 2.7 --- Four Selected Compositae Species Used in the Study --- p.42 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Dendranthema indicum (野菊花) --- p.42 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Dendranthema morifolium (菊花) --- p.43 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Taraxacum mongolicum --- p.44 / Chapter 2.7.4 --- Wedelia trilobata (三裂葉蟛蜞菊） --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 3.1 --- Extraction --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Water extraction --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- NaOH extraction --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Ethanol precipitation --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Bioactivity guided fractionation --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.4.1 --- Macroporous resin column (D101) --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1.4.2 --- Silica gel 60 column --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2 --- Characterization --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Chemical tests --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Alkaloids --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.1.1.1 --- Mayer reagent --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.1.1.2 --- Dragendorff reagent --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.1.1.3 --- Wagner reagent --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Lactones and coumarins --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.1.2.1 --- Ferric hydroxamine acid test --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.1.2.2 --- Emersen reagent --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Flavonoids --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.1.3.1 --- Shinoda test --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.1.3.2 --- Aluminum chloride reagent --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Sterols --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.1.4.1 --- Liebermann-Buchard test --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.1.4.2 --- Salkowski reaction --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.1.5 --- Saponins --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.1.6 --- Carbohydrates --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1.6.1 --- Molisch reagent --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1.6.2 --- Aniline acetate reaction --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1.7 --- Terpenoids --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1.7.1 --- Vanillin reagent --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1.7.2 --- Carr-price reagent --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.1.8 --- Anthraquinone --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.1.8.1 --- Borntrager reaction --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.1.8.2 --- Magnesium acetate reagent --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- X-ray crystallography --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3 --- In vitro Assay --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Cell lines --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Maintenance of cell lines --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- In vitro antitumor assay --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Trypan blue exclusion method --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- MTT assay method --- p.65 / Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Determination of IC50 --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Cytotoxicity assay on normal cell lines --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4 --- In vivo Assay --- p.68 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Animals --- p.68 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Maintenance of Sarcoma 180 cell line --- p.68 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Tumor inoculation --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Preparation of samples --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- In vivo antitumor assay --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.5.1 --- Antitumor effect of WT4-4 on Sarcoma 180 solid tumor --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.5.2 --- Effect of 5% DMSO in sterile PBS --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Body weight change --- p.71 / Chapter 3.5 --- DNA Agarose Gel Electrophoresis --- p.73 / Chapter 3.6 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.74 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results / Chapter 4.1 --- Extraction and characterization of Wedelia trilobata (WT) --- p.76 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Percentage of yield in extraction and fractionation of WT --- p.76 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- HPLC chromatograms of WT fractions and the purified component (crystal) --- p.77 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Phytochemical groups of WT4-4 --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Results on X-ray crystallography of the isolated crystal from WT4-4 A --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2 --- In vitro Antitumor Assay --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- "Effects ofDIl, DM1, TM1 and WT1 on suspension cancer cell line" --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effects of WT fractions and the purified component (crystal) on suspension cell lines --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effects of WT fractions on adhesive cancer cell lines --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effects of WT4-4 on normal cell lines --- p.98 / Chapter 4.3 --- In vivo Antitumor Effect of WT4-4 --- p.126 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results of DNA Agarose Gel Electrophoresis --- p.130 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion / Chapter 5.1 --- Characterization of Antitumor Fraction and Compound of Wedelia trilobata (WT) --- p.132 / Chapter 5.2 --- Antitumor Effects of WT Fractions and Purified Component (Crystal) --- p.137 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- In vitro assay --- p.137 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- DNA agarose gel electrophoresis --- p.143 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- In vivo assay --- p.144 / Chapter 5.3 --- Further Study --- p.146 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.148 / References --- p.151

Lai Kin Ming Connie. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-141). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction on growth cycle of mushroom --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Literature review of mushroom biological activities --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Various bioactivities of mushroom --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Components responsible for various bioactivities of mushrooms --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Mushroom polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein complexes --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Polysaccharides important for antitumor effects --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Polysaccharide-protein complexes important for antitumor effects --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4 --- Structure-function relationship of antitumor activities of polysaccharides --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Effect of molecular mass --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Effect of linkages --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Effect of degree of branching --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Effect of conformation --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- Immunomodulatory effects of mushroom polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein complexes --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5.1.1 --- Bioactive polysaccharides in Lentinus edodes --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5.1.2 --- Bioactive polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharide-protein complexes --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5.2.1 --- Bioactive polysaccharide-protein complexes in Trametes versicolor --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Immunotherapeutic effects of mushroom polysaccharides --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6 --- Cell cycle and apoptosis --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Introduction of cell cycle --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Cell cycle regulation --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Antitumor effects through apoptotic gene regulation --- p.17 / Chapter 1.7 --- Mushroom sclerotium with antitumor activity --- p.20 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Literature review on Pleurotus tuber-regium --- p.20 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Literature review on Poria cocos --- p.22 / Chapter 1.7.3 --- Literature review on Polyporus rhinocerus --- p.23 / Chapter 1.8 --- Objectives --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Mushroom sclerotia --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Animal Model --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Cell lines --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Extraction Scheme for mushroom sclerotia --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Hot water extraction only --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Sequential extraction scheme --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Measurement of monosaccharide profile --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Acid Depolymerisation --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Neutral Sugar Derivatization --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Gas Chromatography (GC) --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Size exclusion chromatography --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Anion exchange chromatography --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Linkage analysis by methylation --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Preparation of partially methylated polysaccharides --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Preparation of partially methylated alditol acetates (PMAAs) --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Determination of total sugar by phenol-sulphuric acid Method --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Determination of acidic sugars by measurement of uronic acid content --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Determination of protein content by Lowry-Folin method --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Chemical modification by carboxymethylation --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- In vitro antitumor assay --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.9.1 --- Trypan blue exclusion assay --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.9.2 --- MTT Assay --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Cell cycle analysis by Flow Cytometry --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- In vivo antitumor and immunomodulatory assay --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.11.1 --- Measurement on tumor growth --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.11.2 --- Blood sampling for immunostimulatory effects --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.12 --- Mouse Cytokine Array --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.13 --- Quantification of Mouse IL-13 by ELISA --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.14 --- Enumeration of peritoneal cells --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.15 --- Enumeration of splenocytes --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.16 --- Statistical methods --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Results and Discussion --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1 --- Yield of crude mushroom sclerotial extracts --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2 --- Chemical composition of crude mushroom sclerotial extracts --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Total carbohydrate content --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Uronic acid content --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Soluble protein content --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3 --- Monosaccharide profiles of mushroom sclerotial extracts by GC --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4 --- Chromatographic analyses of mushroom sclerotial extracts --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Molecular weight profile by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Charge distribution by ion exchange chromatography (IEC) --- p.73 / Chapter 3.5 --- Antitumor effects of mushroom sclerotial extracts from hot water extraction alone --- p.73 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- In vitro antiproliferative study by HL-60 --- p.73 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- In vitro antiproliferative study by MCF-7 --- p.74 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- In vivo antitumor study by BALB/c mice --- p.75 / Chapter 3.6 --- Antitumor effects of extracts from sequential extraction scheme --- p.76 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- In vitro antiproliferative study by HL-60 --- p.76 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- In vitro antiproliferative study by MCF-7 --- p.78 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- In vivo antitumor study by BALB/c mice --- p.80 / Chapter 3.7 --- Comparison of in vitro and in vivo activities of mushroom sclerotial extracts --- p.82 / Chapter 3.8 --- Dose-response relationship of hot water extract from PR on cancer cell lines --- p.85 / Chapter 3.8.1 --- In vitro dose-response antiproliferation of PR-W and PR-HWE on HL-60 --- p.85 / Chapter 3.8.2 --- In vitro dose-response antiproliferation of PR-W on K562 and S180 --- p.88 / Chapter 3.8.3 --- In vivo dose-response relationship of PR-W on S180 --- p.91 / Chapter 3.9 --- Flow cytometric analysis of PR-W on cancer cell lines --- p.92 / Chapter 3.9.1 --- Antiproliferative effect of PR-W on HL-60 --- p.92 / Chapter 3.9.2 --- Antiproliferative effect of PR-W on K562 --- p.95 / Chapter 3.9.3 --- Proposed mechanisms of cell cycle arrest by PR-W --- p.98 / Chapter 3.10 --- Host-mediated antitumor mechanism of PR-W --- p.100 / Chapter 3.10.1 --- Mouse cytokine array --- p.100 / Chapter 3.10.2 --- Quantification of IL-13 by ELISA --- p.105 / Chapter 3.10.3 --- Immunostimulatory effects of PR-W on mice --- p.109 / Chapter 3.11 --- Correlation between antitumor activity and structure of mushroom sclerotial extract from hot water extraction alone --- p.114 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Conclusions and Future works --- p.118 / List of References --- p.121 / Related Publications --- p.142

Choi Pui-yu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-123). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / List of Abbreviations --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.xii / List of Figures --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review / Chapter 2.1 --- Mushroom Polysaccharides with Antitumor Activities --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Antitumor β-Glucans --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Antitumor Heteroglycans --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Antitumor Polysaccharide-Protein Complexes --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Antitumor Activities and Structural Characteristics of Mushroom Polysaccharides --- p.15 / Chapter 2.3 --- Antitumor Effects of Mushroom Polysaccharides In Vitro --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- Antitumor Effects of Mushroom Polysaccharides In Vivo --- p.21 / Chapter 2.5 --- Immunomodulatory Activities --- p.24 / Chapter 2.6 --- Activation of Cytokines by Mushroom Polysaccharides --- p.28 / Chapter 2.7 --- Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase by Mushroom Polysaccharides --- p.32 / Chapter 2.8 --- Tremella aurantialba --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1 --- Extraction --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Extraction of Crude Tremella aurantialba Polysaccharide --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Fractionation --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Polysaccharide and Protein Content Determination --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Phenol-Sulfuric Assay --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Lowry-Folin Method --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Gas Chromatography (GC) --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Modified Carbazole Assay --- p.41 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2 --- In Vitro Studies --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Maintenance of Cell Lines --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Effect on Cancer Cell Lines --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Trypan Blue Exclusion Methods --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- MTT Assay --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Effect on Normal Cell Line --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Coulter Counter --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3 --- In Vivo Studies --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Animals --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Maintenance of Sarcoma 180 Cell Line --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of TAP Fractions on Sarcoma 18 Solid Tumor --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Injection of TAP Fractions 24 h After Transplantation --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Injection of TAP Fractions 72 h After Transplantation --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4 --- Effect of TAP Fractions on Modulating mRNA Expression of Cytokines and Nitric Oxide Synthase --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Treatment of Mice --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Isolation of Splenocytes and Peritoneal Exduate Cells --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Extraction of Total mRNA from Splenocyte and Peritoneal Exduate Cells --- p.52 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Reverse Transcription --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.4.2 --- Polymerase Chain Reaction --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- DNA Sequencing --- p.57 / Chapter 3.5 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.58 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1 --- Isolation and Characterization of TAP Fractions --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Percentage Yield of TAP Fractions --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Polysaccharide and Protein Content of TAP Fractions --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Relative Monosaccharide Contents in TAP Fractions --- p.60 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Results of HPLC --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2 --- Effects of TAP Fractions In Vitro --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effects of TAP Fractions on Suspension Cancer Cell Lines --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effects of TAP Fractions on Adhesion Cancer Cell Lines --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effects of TAP Fractions on Normal Cell Line --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Effect of TAP 2 on HL-60 Cell Line as Evaluated by Coulter Counter --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3 --- Antitumor Effect of TAP Fractions In Vivo --- p.78 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of TAP Fractions on Modulating mRNA Expressions of Cytokines and Nitric Oxide Sythase (NOS) --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Results of RT-PCR --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Sequencing --- p.84 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.91 / Chapter 5.1 --- Characterization of TAP Fractions --- p.91 / Chapter 5.2 --- Antitumor Effects of TAP Fractions In Vitro --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3 --- Furhter Study --- p.109 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.111 / References --- p.113

Poon Shuk-ching. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-125). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapterl 1 --- ntroduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Mushroom Polysaccharides From Basidiomycetes --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Activity --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Antiviral Activity --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Hypoglycermic Activity --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Free Radical Scavenging Activity --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Mushroom Dictyophora indusiata --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Nutritional Value --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Structural Characteristic of Dictyophora indusiata Polysaccharides --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Biological Activity --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- In vivo Antitumor Study --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- Induction of Cytokines Production in Immune System --- p.21 / Chapter 2.5 --- In vitro Antitumor Study --- p.25 / Chapter 2.6 --- Cell Cycle Regulation --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Materials & Methods --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1 --- Extraction --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Extraction of Dictyophora indusiata Polysaccharides --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Purification of Dictyophora indusiata Polysaccharides --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Preparation of DEAE-cellulose Ion Exchanger --- p.35 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Fractionation --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2. --- Characterization of Dictyophora indusiata Polysaccharides --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Polysaccharide Content Determination --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Protein Content Determination --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Gas Chromatography (GC) --- p.40 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Uronic Acid Content Determination --- p.42 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3 --- In vivo Studies --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Animals --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Maintenance of Sarcoma 180 Cell Line --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of DI3 Fraction on Sarcoma 180 Solid Tumor --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effect of DI3c Fraction on Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin 2 (IL-2) Production --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Treatment of Mice --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Preparation of Mouse Serum --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.4.3 --- Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for TNF-α Production --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3.4.4 --- Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for IL-2 Production --- p.49 / Chapter 3.4 --- In vitro Studies --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Maintenance of Cell Lines --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Effect on Cancer Cell Lines --- p.52 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Cytotoxicity on Normal Cell Line --- p.52 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Trypan Blue Exclusion Method --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- MTT Assay --- p.54 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- BrdU Incorporation --- p.55 / Chapter 3.5 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1 --- Extraction and Fractionation of Polysaccharides from Dictyophora indusiata --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Percentage Yield of Crude DI Polysaccharides --- p.57 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Percentage Yield of DI3 Fractions --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2 --- Characterization of DI3 Fractions --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Polysaccharide and Protein Contents of DI3 Fractions --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Relative Monosaccharide and Uronic Acid Content in Different DI3 Fractions --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Estimated Molecular Weight of DI3 Fractions --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3 --- Antitumor Effect of Dictyophora indusiata Polysaccharides In vivo --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- In vivo Antitumor Effect of Crude DI Polysaccharides --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- In vivo Antitumor Effect of Various Fractions of DI3 --- p.70 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effect of DI3c on TNP-α and IL-2 Production in Mice --- p.78 / Chapter 4.4 --- In vitro Effects of DI3 Fractions on Cell Density and Viability on Normal and Cancer Cell Lines --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effects of DI3 Fractions on Cell Density and Viability of Human Leukemic HL-60 and K-562 and Mouse Sarcoma 180 Cells --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effects of DI3 Fractions on the Growth of Human Liver Cancer HepG2 and Normal Monkey Kidney Vero Cells --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effect of DI3b Fraction on Proliferation of HL-60 Cells Determined by BrdU Incorporation --- p.94 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussions --- p.96 / Chapter 5.1 --- Extraction and Characterization of DI3 Fractions --- p.96 / Chapter 5.2 --- Antitumor Effects of Dictyophora indusiata Polysaccharides --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3 --- Further Studies --- p.109 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.111 / References --- p.113