Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine in Child Health Neurodevelopment Johannesburg, 2013 / Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in infancy may influence the developing brain and lead to adverse neurodevelopmental consequences. We aim to describe the neurodevelopmental characteristics of a cohort of young children infected with HIV prior to antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and after achieving viral suppression. A retrospective analysis of data collected as part of a randomised equivalence trial between April 2005 and May 2009, at a hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa. 195 HIV-infected children under 2 years of age were assessed. A simple, inexpensive screening questionnaire (Ages and Stages Questionnaire - ASQ) was used to identify neurodevelopmental delays. The ASQ was administered prior to ART initiation, and again after viral suppression on a protease inhibitor-based regimen had been achieved. Median age pre-ART was 8.8 months (range 2.2 - 24.9), 53.9% were male. Mean time to viral suppression was 9.4 months (range 5.9 - 14.5) and the ASQ was administered to 108 caregivers at this time. Compared to pre-ART, at viral suppression, there was significant reduction in the proportion of children failing the gross motor (31.5% vs. 13%, p<0.01), fine motor (21.3% vs. 10.2%, p=0.02), problem solving (26.9% vs. 9.3%, p<0.001) and personal social (17.6% vs. 7.4%, p=0.02) domains. The proportion of children failing the communication domain was similar at each time point (14.8% vs. 12%, p=0.61). At time of viral suppression 10.2% failed at least one of the five domains. Achieving viral suppression on ART resulted in significant improvements in the neurodevelopmental function of young HIV-infected children, however, neurodevelopmental problems still persisted in a large proportion. Appropriate screening for neurodevelopmental delay and timely referral could help improve outcomes.

To acquire its characteristic structural and functional complexity, the mammalian nervous system must undergo several critical developmental processes. One such process requires factors that regulate the decision of dividing progenitors to leave the cell cycle and activate the neuronal differentiation program. It is shown in this thesis that the murine runt-related gene Runx1 is expressed in proliferating cells on the basal side of the murine olfactory epithelium. Disruption of Runx1 function in vivo does not result in a change in the quantity of progenitors but leads to a decrease in precursor number and an increase in differentiated ORNs. These effects result in premature and ectopic ORN differentiation. Further, exogenous Runx1 expression in cultured olfactory neural progenitors causes an expansion of the mitotic cell population. In agreement with these findings, exogenous Runx1 expression also promotes cortical neural progenitor cell proliferation without inhibiting neuronal differentiation. These effects appear to involve transcriptional repression mechanisms. Consistent with this possibility, Runx1 represses transcription driven by the promoter of the cell cycle inhibitor p21Cip1 in cortical progenitors. Taken together, these findings suggest a previously unrecognized role for Runx1 in coordinating the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of selected populations of neural progenitors/precursors. / Another significant step in the development of the mammalian nervous system is the acquisition of distinctive neuronal traits. This thesis also shows that Runx1 is expressed in selected populations of postmitotic neurons of the murine embryonic central and peripheral nervous systems. In embryos lacking Runx1 activity, hindbrain branchiovisceral motor neuron precursors of the cholinergie lineage are correctly specified but then fail to enter successive stages of differentiation and undergo increased cell death resulting in neuronal loss in the mantle layer. Runx1 inactivation also leads to a loss of selected sensory neurons in trigeminal and vestibulocochlear ganglia. These findings uncover previously unrecognized roles for Runx1 in the regulation of neuronal subtype specification. / This thesis thus presents a novel factor which functions at several steps in the development of the mammalian nervous system and adds to the growing body of work on the processes involved in elaborating such a complex and vital structure.

No description available.

Su Huan Xing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-89). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / 中文摘要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Abbreviations Frequently Used --- p.v / Table of contents --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter1 --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter2 --- Effects of an intravitreal optic nerve graft on the sprouting and regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter3 --- Effects of an intravitreal pre-injured optic nerve graft on the sprouting and regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter4 --- Effects of co-transplantation of an optic nerve graft and a peripheral nerve graft into the vitreous body on the sprouting and regeneration of axotomized retinal ganglion cells --- p.60 / Chapter Chapter5 --- General discussion --- p.74 / References --- p.79 / Tables --- p.90

Dong Ming. / Thesis submitted in: December 2005. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-152). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.iii / Acknowledgement --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / Abbreviation list --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Preamble --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Neural Crest Cells (NCCs) --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Enteric Nervous System (ENS) and Vagal Neural Crest Cells (Vagal NCCs) --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Sacral Neural Crest Cells (Sacral NCCs) --- p.7 / Chapter 1.5 --- Signalling Mechanisms of Sacral Neural Crest Cells --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6 --- Hirschsprung's Disease (HSCR) --- p.20 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objective of the Study and Contents of the Following Chapters --- p.21 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Migration from the dorsal neural tube to the pelvic mesenchyme / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Animal --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Isolation of embryos from pregnant mice at E9.5 to --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Histological preparation of the caudal segments --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- p75 immunohistochemical staining --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Preparation of rat serum --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Preparation of the culture medium --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Preparation of wheat germ agglutinin-gold conjugates (WGA-Au) --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Preparation of CMFDA --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Preparation of DiI --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- "Microinjection of WGA-Au, DiI and CMFDA" --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Whole embryo culture --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.12 --- Examination of cultured embryos --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.13 --- Histological preparation of WGA-Au labelled embryos --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.14 --- Silver enhancement staining of the sections of WGA-Au labelled embryos --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.15 --- Cryosectioning of the embryos labelled with DiI --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.16 --- p75 immunohistochemical staining of DiI-labelled cells --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Observations on embryos developed in vivo --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Closed yolk sac culture vs open yolk sac culture --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Neural crest cell labelling in the caudal part of embryos --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Neural crest cell labelling with DiI in the caudal part of the neural tube followed by in vitro culture from E9.5 to E11.0 --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Neural crest labelling with DiI in the caudal part of the neural tube followed by in vitro culture from E10.5 to E11.5 --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Focal labelling at the levels of the 26th and 29th somites followed by in vitro culture --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- p75 immunohistochemical staining on the caudal part of the embryo at E10.5 --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- p75 immunohistochemical staining on embryos labelled with DiI --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Embryos at E9.5 cultured with an intact yolk sac membrane grew better than those with the yolk sac membrane cut open --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Migration at the levels of the 24th to 28th somite --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Migration at the levels of the 29th to 33th somite --- p.58 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Sacral NCCs migrate along a straight dorsolateral pathway --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- "Most of the DiI positive cells are p75 positive, but not all of the p75 positive cells are DiI positive" --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Migration from the pelvic mesenchyme to the hindgut / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Isolation of hindguts with or without adjacent tissues from embryos at E10.5 to E13.5 --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Microinjection of DiI into the pelvic mesenchymal tissue of the h indguts --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Preparation of the culture medium --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Preparation of the culture dish --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Gut culture --- p.75 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Cryosections of the hindguts after in vitro culture --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- "Hindguts isolated from embryos at E10.5, E11.5, E12.5 and E14.5" --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- p75 immunohistochemical staining of the serial sections through the caudal part of the embryos --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Observations on hindgut without pelvic plexus cultured from E11.5 to E14.5 --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- "Culture of hindguts with pelvic mesenchyme cultured from E11.5 to E14.25, E14.5 and E15.5" --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Culture of the whole length of the gut tube without pelvic mesenchyme from E11.5 to E15.5 --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Culture of the whole length of the gut tube with pelvic mesenchyme from E11.5 to E15.5 --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- "Culture of hindguts with Dil labelling in the pelvic mesenchyme from E11.5 to E14.0, E14.2 5, E14.5 and" --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.8 --- Culture of the whole length of the gut tube with DiI labelling in the pelvic mesenchyme from E11.5 to E14.5 --- p.86 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.88 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Development of the hindgut and the urogenital system from E10.5 to E14.5 --- p.88 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- No p75 positive cells were found in the hindgut before E13.5 --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- The sacral neural crest cells migrate into the hindgut at around E14.5 --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- "The sacral neural crest cells migrated in the serosa, and entered the myenteric plexus prior to populating the submucosal plexus" --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Most of DiI labelled sacral neural crest cells in the hindgut also expressed p75 --- p.98 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Migration from the neural tube to the hindgut / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Morphology observations on the hindguts isolated from DiI-labelled embryos --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Distribution of the DiI-labelled cells and p75 positive cells before the culture of the hindgut explant --- p.106 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Culture of hindgut explanted from Dil-labelled embyos for 3.5 days from E11.0 to E14.5 --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.109 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- General discussion and conclusions --- p.113 / References --- p.118 / Figures and Legends --- p.153 / Tables and Graphs --- p.203 / Appendix --- p.209

人類先天性巨結腸症（HSCR）主要表現為結腸末端的神經節缺失或稀少。 結腸末端的神經節來源於迷走源性神經脊細胞和骶源性神經脊細胞。迷走源性神經脊細胞是腸神經系統的主要來源，已被廣泛研究，而關於哺乳類包括人類的骶源性神經脊細胞的研究卻相當稀少。小鼠胚胎的骶源性神經脊細胞遷移途徑近期已被闡釋，其由神經管背側遷出並向腹側移動，於後腸附近聚集成旁神經節然後進入腸內。本研究運用一系列實驗鑒定了對小鼠骶源性神經脊細胞由旁神經節遷移至腸內過程有影響作用的因素。 / 研究發現骶源性神經脊細胞是沿著神經纖維並向口端方向遷移進腸內，同時由於迷走源性神經脊細胞於腸內向尾端遷移，它們在後腸末端相遇並相互作用，我們首先研究了這種相互作用以瞭解迷走源性神經脊細胞如何影響骶源性神經脊細胞的遷移。利用帶綠色螢光的小鼠骶源性神經脊細胞和可變螢光的小鼠迷走源性神經脊細胞（鐳射激發下由綠色變為紅色），以及鐳射共聚焦顯微鏡活細胞成像術，我們觀察了這兩種細胞在腸內相遇時的行為。當骶源性神經脊細胞和迷走源性神經脊細胞在神經纖維上相遇是，它們都停止了移動，不能前行。培養3天以後，骶源性神經脊細胞和迷走源性神經脊細胞在後腸中共同形成了神經細胞網路，其中骶源性神經脊細胞相對只占了小部分細胞。 / 由於骶源性神經脊細胞沿著由旁神經節發出的神經纖維遷移至腸內並且當在神經纖維上遇到迷走性源性神經脊細胞時便停止移動，我們進而研究了神經纖維在骶源性神經脊細胞遷移中的地位。活細胞成像術和免疫組化實驗表明旁神經節發出的神經纖維對骶源性神經脊細胞的遷移是非常重要的，它有助於細胞遷移同時，但當細胞到達纖維末端時它便也限制了細胞的遷移。儘管如此，體外實驗表明在一定培養條件下，骶源性神經脊細胞的遷移並不需要這些神經纖維。 / 由於有報導表明腸內微環境能影響腸神經脊細胞的遷移，我們利用2D電泳和質譜檢測了12.5天（骶源性神經脊細胞進入後腸之前）和13.5天（骶源性神經脊細胞進入後腸）胎鼠後腸中的蛋白表達情況。大多數鑒定到有差異表達的蛋白都與蛋白折疊、細胞生長和細胞骨架組織有關。我們選取了與細胞粘附和肌肉收縮有關的鈣離子依賴膜結合蛋白Anxa6，並結合腸內的平滑肌發育進行了進一步的研究。結果顯示在13.5天胎鼠中，旁神經節的口端方向有一段約600微米的腸的腹側的平滑肌還沒有發育，可能與腸神經脊細胞的遷移有關。但腸內平滑肌發育是否及如何影響腸神經脊細胞的遷移還需要進一步的研究。 / 綜上所述，骶源性神經脊細胞的遷移是一個複雜的過程，迷走源性神經脊細胞，神經纖維和腸內微環境都參與並能影響這個遷移過程。 / Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR) in humans is characterized by the absence or reduction of enteric ganglia in the distal part of the colon. It is known that all enteric ganglia in the distal colon originate from neural crest cells (NCCs) at both vagal and sacral levels during embryonic development. Vagal NCCs have been well characterized as the main cellular source of the enteric nervous system (ENS), but however, information on the mammalian, including human, sacral NCCs is still scarce. Sacral NCCs in mouse embryos have been recently identified to be able to migrate from the dorsal neural tube to the mesenchyme, aggregate as pelvic ganglia adjacent to the hindgut and then enter the distal hindgut. In the present study, a series of experiments were performed to determine the factors that were involved in modulating their entry to the hindgut and their migration within the distal hindgut, using mouse embryos. / Having entered the hindgut, sacral NCCs migrated along nerve fibers in a caudal-to-rostral direction while vagal NCCs were colonizing the hindgut in a reverse, rostral-to-caudal direction. The migratory behaviors of the vagal and sacral NCCs were examined at the time when these two populations of NCCs met each other with live cell confocal imaging in the distal hindgut using GFP-expressing sacral NCCs (green fluorescent) and Ednrb-Kikume labeled vagal NCCs (red fluorescent) from transgenic mice. The rostral migration of sacral NCCs was observed to be temporarily affected when they met vagal NCCs on the nerve fiber. However, after 3 days in organotypic culture, sacral and vagal NCCs were found to intermingle with each other to form an interconnected cellular network in the hindgut with much greater cellular contribution from vagal NCCs than sacral NCCs. Hence, vagal NCCs were able to affect the migration and thus the final location of sacral NCCs within the hindgut. / Since sacral NCCs have been observed to enter the hindgut by migrating on the nerve fibers extending from pelvic ganglia, the role the nerve fibers in migration was then examined. Results obtained from time-lapse confocal live cell imaging and immunohistochemical localization indicated that nerve fibers extending from pelvic ganglia were very important for sacral NCCs migration. It was found that these nerve fibers could both assist in sacral NCC migration and also restrain their migration once the cells reached the distal tip of the fibers. However, under specific in vitro conditions, sacral NCCs were still able to migrate without the presence of nerve fibers. / The gut microenvironment surrounding the migrating NCCs has also been reported to affect NCCs migration. Therefore, protein molecules with differential expression levels prior to and after the entry of sacral NCCs to the distal hindgut between E12.5 to E13.5 were examined with 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The proteins identified with significant changes of expression (more than 1.5 folds) were grouped according to their predicted biological functions and involved in protein folding, cell growth and cytoskeletal organization. Among them, Anxa6, a calcium-dependent membrane binding protein related to cell adhesion and muscle contraction, was further examined for its relationship with the muscle development in the hindgut at E12.5 to E14.5. The results showed that a segment of the hindgut (about 600μm) rostral to pelvic ganglia exhibited an incomplete layer of smooth muscle at E13.5. Whether Anxa6 and the smooth muscle are involved in the sacral NCC migration is worth further investigations. / In summary, sacral NCCs migration is a complex process regulated by their interactions with nerve fibers, vagal neural crest cells and possibly molecules in the hindgut microenvironment through which they migrate. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Chen, Jielin. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-214). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.I / 摘要 --- p.IV / Acknowledgements --- p.VI / Table of contents --- p.XII / Abbreviation --- p.XIII / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The enteric nervous system (ENS) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Embryonic origin and development of the ENS --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR) --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Vagal neural crest cells (NCCs) --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Sacral neural crest cells (NCCs) and pelvic ganglia --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Interactions between neural crest cells (NCCs) --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3 --- Microenvironment within the gut --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Effect of molecules on ENCCs migration --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Effect of tissue age on ENCC migration --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Absence of ENCCs facilitates ENCC colonization --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the present study --- p.22 / Chapter Figures and Legends --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Migratory behaviors of sacral and vagal neural crest cells in the distal hindgut --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Mouse strains --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Isolation of gut tubes and pelvic ganglia --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Photo-conversion of Ednrb-kikume labeled neural crest cells within the gut --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Preparation of general culture medium and organ culture agarose gel --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Organotypic culture --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Time-lapse live cell confocal microscopic imaging --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Whole mount gut preparations for immunohistochemical staining --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Conversion of green fluorescent, Ednrb-kikume labeled vagal NCCs into red fluorescent --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Ednrb-kikume labeled cells were Sox10 immunorecative --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- No discernible photo-toxicity after photo-conversion --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Sacral NCCs migration was hindered by vagal NCCs when they met on the nerve fiber --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Vagal NCCs migrated toward each other to form an interconnected network --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Sacral NCCs contributed much fewer cells than vagal NCCs in the terminal hindgut --- p.46 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Ednrb-kikume mouse is a potentially ideal animal model for studies of NCCs migratory behaviors --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Migration of sacral NCCs in the hindgut was affected by vagal NCCs --- p.49 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Migratory behaviors of vagal NCCs --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Vagal NCCs potentially preferred to move on nerve fibers --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Sacral NCCs contributed much less to the cellular network than vagal NCCs --- p.53 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.55 / Chapter Table 2-1 --- Primary and secondary antibodies used in the experiments --- p.56 / Chapter Figures and Legends --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- The relationship between nerve fiber extension and sacral neural crest cell migration in vitro --- p.81 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.86 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Mouse strains --- p.86 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Preparation of fibronectin (FN) coated coverslips and confocal dishes --- p.86 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Preparation of media --- p.87 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Isolation of pelvic ganglia --- p.87 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- In vitro culture of pelvic ganglia in 4-well plates or confocal dishes --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Live cell imaging using Nikon live cell imaging system --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- WGA treatments on the pelvic ganglia culture --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Effect of embryonic cell proliferation medium and stem cell proliferation medium on pelvic ganglia growth in vitro --- p.90 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Immunohistochemical staining --- p.90 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Sacral NCCs and nerve fibers from the pelvic ganglia were in close association in vitro --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Migratory behaviors of sacral NCCs on the nerve fiber in vitro --- p.92 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- WGA treatments affected the growth of nerve fibers and sacral NCCs migration in vitro --- p.93 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Sacral NCCs migrated without nerve fibers when cultured in proliferation media --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.97 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- In vitro culture of pelvic ganglion --- p.97 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Migratory behaviors of sacral NCCs in vitro --- p.98 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Sacral NCCs migration was affected by the extension of nerve fibers from pelvic ganglia in vitro --- p.101 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Nerve fibers from the pelvic ganglia were not necessary for sacral NCCs migration in vitro --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.106 / Chapter Figures and Legends --- p.107 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Differentially expressed protein molecules in the distal hindgut before and after the entry of sacral neural crest cells --- p.128 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.128 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.132 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Mouse strain --- p.132 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Preparation of solutions for 2-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis --- p.132 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Preparation of solutions for mass spectrometry --- p.133 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Isolation of the distal hindgut and protein extraction --- p.133 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Measurement of protein concentration --- p.134 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- 2D gel electrophoresis --- p.135 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Mass spectrometry --- p.138 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- SDS-PAGE and Western blot --- p.139 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Immunohistochemical staining of gut tubes and embryos --- p.140 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- Distal hindgut model reconstruction --- p.141 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.143 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- E13.5 was the critical stage at which sacral NCCs started to enter the hindgut --- p.143 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Protein molecules identified by 2D electrophoresis and mass spectrometry --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Western blot analysis and immunostaining confirmed expression levels of Anxa6 --- p.145 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Smooth muscle actin (SMA) and Anxa6 partially co-localized within the E13.5 hindgut --- p.146 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Expression of SMA and Anxa6 before and after sacral NCC entry to the distal hindgut --- p.146 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Reconstruction of distal hindgut images from serial sections with SMA and Anxa6 immunoreactivities --- p.147 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.149 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Tissue age affected enteric NCC colonization --- p.149 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Proteomics used in modern biological research --- p.150 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Molecules differentially expressed in the distal hindgut at E12.5 and E13.5 --- p.151 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Anxa6 and SMA expression in the distal hindgut --- p.153 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- The role of the smooth muscle development in sacral NCC entry into the hindgut --- p.155 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.157 / Chapter Table 4-1 --- Identification of proteins by MALDI-TOF analysis and the MASCOT search program --- p.158 / Chapter Table 4-2 --- Differentially expressed proteins identified by 2-D electro-phoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF and their predicted biological functions --- p.159 / Figures and Legends --- p.160 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusions and discussion --- p.182 / Chapter 5.1 --- Vagal NCCs hindered sacral NCC migration when they coalesced on the nerve fiber --- p.182 / Chapter 5.2 --- Nerve fibers from pelvic ganglia were important but not necessary for sacral NCCs migration in vitro --- p.186 / Chapter 5.3 --- Possible involvement of smooth muscle development in modulating sacral NCCs migration --- p.189 / Chapter 5.4 --- Future prospects --- p.191 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Interactions of vagal and sacral NCCs within the hindgut of mouse embryos --- p.191 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Role of nerve fibers for sacral NCCs migration ex vivo --- p.192 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Role of Anxa6 in muscle development of the gut and NCCs migration --- p.193 / Chapter Appendix I --- Solutions used in 2-D electrophoresis --- p.195 / Chapter Appendix II --- Solutions for Colloidal Coomassie staining --- p.198 / Chapter Appendix III --- Procedures for embryo processing --- p.199 / Chapter Appendix IV --- Other solutions --- p.200 / References --- p.201

Mok Wing Fai Simon. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-97). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Table of content --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Origin of the Neural Crest Cells / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Formation of the Neural Tube --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- The Neural Crest cells and the Vagal Neural Crest Cells --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- The migration profiles of Neural Crest Cells Originated from the Axial level other than Vagal Neural Crest --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract and the Enteric Nervous System --- p.5 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- MIGRATION OF NEURAL CREST CELLS IN NORMAL ICR AND DOM MUTANT MOUSE EMBRYOS / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Pregnant mice --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- The Handling Medium --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- The Culture Medium --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Preparation of Wheat Germ Agglutinin-Gold Conjugates (WGA-Au) --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- "Preparation of 1,´1ة-dioctadecyl-´3ة 3,3 '3,3 226}0ة-tetramethyl indocarbocyanine perchlorate (Di-I) " --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Preparation of Carnoýةs Solution --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Preparation of Paraformaldehyde --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Pregnont Dominant Megacolon (Dom) Mice --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- DNA Extraction for Genotyping of Dom Embryos --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Primers Used in PCR for Genotyping of Dom Embryos --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- PCR Reagent System --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.12 --- 10XTBE --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3 --- Methods / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Isolation of Embryos from Pregnant Mice --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- In situ labeling of exogenous dye --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Whole Embryo Culture --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Morphological Examination of Cultured Embryos --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Histological Examination of Cultured embryos --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Genotyping of Dom F1 Generation --- p.51 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Genotyping of Dom Embryos by PCR --- p.52 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Gel Electrophoresis --- p.52 / Chapter 2.3.9 --- Counting of WGA-Au Labelled Cells --- p.53 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Genotyping --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Examination on Gross morphology of Control and Experimental Embryos --- p.54 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Morphological Examination of DOM Mutant Embryo after culture --- p.57 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Initial Stage of Vagal and Trunk Neural Crest Cells Migration in Mouse Embryos --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Initial Stage of Vagal and Trunk Neural Crest Cells Migration in DOM Embryos --- p.64 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Distribution of Labelled Cells in ICR Embryos after WGA-Au Labelling --- p.65 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Distribution of WGA-Au Labelled Cells in DOM Embryos --- p.69 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- DISCUSSION / Chapter 3.1 --- Development of embryos in vitro --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2 --- Comparison of the Two Exogenous Dyes --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3 --- Migration Pathway of the Vagal and Trunk Neural Crest Cells --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4 --- Counting of Labelled Cells in DOM Embryos --- p.83 / Chapter 3.5 --- Initial Stage of Vagal and Trunk Neural Crest Cells Migration of Different Genotypes of the DOM Embryos --- p.84 / Chapter 3.6 --- Differences in Distribution of WGA-Au Labelled Cells in Different Genotypes of DOM Embryos --- p.85 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- CONCLUSION --- p.88 / REFERENCES --- p.91 / "FIGURES, LEGEND TABLE AND APPENDIX"

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of the Witwatersrand, for the degree of Master of Science, Johannesburg, 2012 / HIV continues to affect thousands of children in South Africa. HIV not only has a negative impact on growth, morbidity and mortality but also adversely affects neurodevelopment. The virus is able to enter the central nervous system and cause damage which results in encephalopathy. A high percentage of infants infected with HIV are delayed. The roll out of HAART in South Africa was started in 2004 and in 2010 new guidelines to improve access were implemented. Although HAART is effective in improving growth, decreasing morbidity and mortality its effects on neurodevelopment are generally unknown. Very little high quality research has been done on the effects of HAART on neurodevelopment especially in developing countries and on infants.

Hou, Yonghui. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 174-190). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese.