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Adaptive neurocomputation with spiking semiconductor neuronsZhao, Le January 2015 (has links)
In this thesis, we study the neurocomputation by implementing two different neuron models. One is a semi magnetic micro p-n wire that emulates nerve fibres and supports the electrical propagation and regeneration. The other is a silicon neuron based on Hodgkin-Huxley conductance model that can generate spatiotemporal spiking patterns. The former model focuses on the spatial propagation of electrical pulses along a transmission line and presents the thesis that action potentials may be represented by solitary waves. The later model focuses on the dynamical properties such as how the output patterns of the active networks adapt to external stimulus. To demonstrate the dynamical properties of spiking networks, we present a central pattern generator (CPG) network with winnerless competition architecture. The CPG consists of three silicon neurons which are connected via reciprocally inhibitory synapses. The network of three neurons was stimulated with current steps possessing different time delays and that the voltage oscillations of the three neurons were recorded as a function of the strengths of inhibitory synaptic interconnections and internal parameters of neurons, such as voltage thresholds, time delays, etc. The architecture of the network is robust and sensitively depends on the stimulus. Stimulus dependent rhythms can be generated by the CPG network. The stimulus-dependent sequential switching between collective modes of oscillations in the network can explain the fundamental contradiction between sensitivity and robustness to external stimulus and the mechanism of pattern memorization. We successfully apply the CPG in modulating the heart rate of animal models (rats). The CPG was stimulated with respiratory signals and generated tri-phasic patterns corresponding to the respiratory cycles. The tri-phasic stimulus from the CPG was used to synchronize the heart rate with respiration. In this way, we artificially induce the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), which refers to the heart rate fluctuation in synchrony with respiration. RSA is lost in heart failure. Our CPG paves to way to novel medical devices that can provide a therapy for heart failure.
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Paradgimas computacionais, modelagem de sistemas naturais conexionistas e psicopatologia: uma revisãoRIBEIRO, André Luis Simões Brasil January 2006 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2006 / Este estudo é uma revisão narrativa da literatura sobre os paradigmas
computacionais, as modelagens naturais conexionistas e a investigação dos
fenômenos psicopatológicos. O objetivo geral foi realizar uma coleta de
informações sobre os trabalhos publicados, até então, que contemplassem os
modelos de processamento de informações no cérebro humano, a analogia
com Redes Neurais Artificiais e a aplicação de métodos investigativos nas
psicopatologias. A seleção dos estudos foi baseada principalmente pesquisas
em bancos de dados digitais: Medline, Períodos CAPES, MIT Search, Scholar
Google e PsychInfo, usando os descritores neural networks, neurocomputation,
psychopathology, connectionism, mood disorders, depression, cognition e
artificial intelligence, em mecanismos de busca digital. Foram selecionados os
estudos considerando os critérios de inclusão a partir dos descritores, o
aspecto cronológico, a adequação e pertinência dos estudos e o impacto
destes artigos na comunidade científica. A literatura clássica também foi
incluída. O estudo buscou estabelecer relações entre as pesquisas que
utilizaram ferramentas computacionais, visando a criação de modelos que
simularam o funcionamento cognitivo do cérebro humano. Destes modelos, as
Redes Neurais Artificiais Conexionistas (RNA) mostraram-se as mais
promissoras dentre as demais. Conclui-se que as investigações dos
fenômenos psicopatológicos baseadas em modelagem computacional
conexionista constituem em uma importante estratégia para compreensão do
funcionamento da mente humana e de como se processam as alterações
psíquicas
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