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Les neurones exprimant l'hormone de mélano-concentration (MCH) sont observés dans l'hypothalamus postérieur de tous les vertébrés, de la lamproie à l'Homme. Ces neurones sont impliqués dans diverses fonctions comme le cycle veille/sommeil ou la prise alimentaire. Ils forment une population non homogène et au moins deux sous-populations sont reconnues, chez le rat. La première sous-population est composée de neurones nés au 11ème jour de vie embryonnaire (E11) qui projettent massivement sur les régions les plus postérieures du système nerveux central. La seconde est générée à E12/E13 et les neurones la caractérisant projettent sur les régions les plus antérieures du cerveau et expriment le peptide CART (cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript) et le récepteur NK3 (neurokinine). L'objectif de notre travail était de comprendre l'origine de ces deux sous-populations. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des approches histologiques, moléculaires et in vitro. Les neurones à MCH sont parmi les premiers neurones à naître et à différencier leur phénotype chimique le long d'une région longitudinale définie par une prolifération intense, appelée " cell cords " par Keyser en 1972. Cette bande longitudinale est caractérisée par l'expression de gènes comme Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), Nkx2.1, Nkx2.2 et a été récemment renommée " diagonale intrahypothalamica " ou ID. La différenciation des neurones à MCH dépend de l'expression du facteur morphogène Shh et ces neurones expriment Nkx2.1 et Nkx2.2, facteurs de transcription régulés positivement par Shh. Les neurones de la première sous-population envoient des projections le long du premier tractus longitudinal à se mettre en place, le tractus postopticus (tpoc). Ceux issus de la deuxième sous-population se différencient concomitamment au développement des régions télencéphaliques et leurs projections changent de direction pour innerver les régions antérieures du cerveau sous la dépendance de protéines de guidage axonal, Nétrine1 et Slit2. Nétrine1 permet d'attirer les axones MCH exprimant le récepteur DCC précocement vers la moelle épinière et plus tardivement vers le télencéphale alors que Slit2 contraint les axones MCH exprimant Robo2 à sortir de l'hypothalamus. L'étude du modèle " MCH " permet de mettre en lumière un changement d'organisation précocement au cours du développement dans l'axe longitudinal du prosencéphale. La bande longitudinale d'expression des facteurs de transcription Shh, Nkx2.2 peut être perçue comme une extension rostrale de la colonne neurogénique médiane déjà décrite chez des espèces d'invertébrés possédant une symétrie bilatérale. Les neurones générés le long de cette colonne le sont très tôt au cours du développement. / Neurons expressing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are observed in the vertebrate posterior hypothalamus, from lampreys to humans. These neurons are involved in various functions such as sleep/wake cycle or food intake. They form a non-homogeneous population and at least two sub-populations are indentified in the rat. The first sub-population is composed of neurons born on the 11th embryonic day (E11) that project heavily on posterior regions of the central nervous system. The second is characterized by neurons born at E12/E13, projecting in anterior regions of the brain and expressing the peptide CART (cocaine and amphetamine Regulated Transcript) and the NK 3 receptor (neurokinin). The aim of this study was to understand the origin of these two sub-populations. For this, we used histological, molecular and in vitro approaches. MCH neurons are among the first neurons to be born and to differentiate their chemical phenotype along a longitudinal region defined by intense proliferation and called " cell cord " by Keyser in 1972. This longitudinal band is characterized by the expression of genes such as Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), Nkx2.1, Nkx2.2 and was recently named " diagonal intrahypothalamica " or ID. Differenciation of MCH neurons depends on expression of the morphogenetic factor Shh and these neurons express Nkx2.1 and Nkx2.2, transcription factors upregulated by Shh. The neurons of the first sub-population send projections along the tractus postopticus (tpoc), which is the first longitudinal tract to develop. Neurons of the second sub-population differentiate concomitantly to the development of the basal forebrain and their projections innervate anterior brain regions. Our results obtained in vitro showed that Netrin1 attracts MCH axons and that this reponse is mediated by DCC. Slit2 repulses MCH axons and this reponse is mediated by the Robo2 receptor. Overall, our study of the development of the MCH system shed light on an organizational change in the longitudinal axis of the forebrain during early development : a primary longitudinal organization characterized by the longitudinal expression of Shh and Nkx2.2 and the path of the tractus postopticus in the diencephalon and mesencephalon. MCH neurons of the first sub-population develop during this stage. Then, as the basal telencephalon extends and expresses Netrin1, the medial forebrain bundle differentiates, inducing a change in the main axis of the forebrain ; meanwhile MCH neurons of the second sub-population appear. MCH sub-populations reflect distinct developmental stages of the forebrain.

Les neurones exprimant l'hormone de mélano-concentration (MCH) sont observés dans l'hypothalamus postérieur de tous les vertébrés, de la lamproie à l'Homme. Ces neurones sont impliqués dans diverses fonctions comme le cycle veille/sommeil ou la prise alimentaire. Ils forment une population non homogène et au moins deux sous-populations sont reconnues, chez le rat. La première sous-population est composée de neurones nés au 11ème jour de vie embryonnaire (E11) qui projettent massivement sur les régions les plus postérieures du système nerveux central. La seconde est générée à E12/E13 et les neurones la caractérisant projettent sur les régions les plus antérieures du cerveau et expriment le peptide CART (cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript) et le récepteur NK3 (neurokinine). L'objectif de notre travail était de comprendre l'origine de ces deux sous-populations. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des approches histologiques, moléculaires et in vitro. Les neurones à MCH sont parmi les premiers neurones à naître et à différencier leur phénotype chimique le long d'une région longitudinale définie par une prolifération intense, appelée " cell cords " par Keyser en 1972. Cette bande longitudinale est caractérisée par l'expression de gènes comme Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), Nkx2.1, Nkx2.2 et a été récemment renommée " diagonale intrahypothalamica " ou ID. La différenciation des neurones à MCH dépend de l'expression du facteur morphogène Shh et ces neurones expriment Nkx2.1 et Nkx2.2, facteurs de transcription régulés positivement par Shh. Les neurones de la première sous-population envoient des projections le long du premier tractus longitudinal à se mettre en place, le tractus postopticus (tpoc). Ceux issus de la deuxième sous-population se différencient concomitamment au développement des régions télencéphaliques et leurs projections changent de direction pour innerver les régions antérieures du cerveau sous la dépendance de protéines de guidage axonal, Nétrine1 et Slit2. Nétrine1 permet d'attirer les axones MCH exprimant le récepteur DCC précocement vers la moelle épinière et plus tardivement vers le télencéphale alors que Slit2 contraint les axones MCH exprimant Robo2 à sortir de l'hypothalamus. L'étude du modèle " MCH " permet de mettre en lumière un changement d'organisation précocement au cours du développement dans l'axe longitudinal du prosencéphale. La bande longitudinale d'expression des facteurs de transcription Shh, Nkx2.2 peut être perçue comme une extension rostrale de la colonne neurogénique médiane déjà décrite chez des espèces d'invertébrés possédant une symétrie bilatérale. Les neurones générés le long de cette colonne le sont très tôt au cours du développement. / Neurons expressing melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are observed in the vertebrate posterior hypothalamus, from lampreys to humans. These neurons are involved in various functions such as sleep/wake cycle or food intake. They form a non-homogeneous population and at least two sub-populations are indentified in the rat. The first sub-population is composed of neurons born on the 11th embryonic day (E11) that project heavily on posterior regions of the central nervous system. The second is characterized by neurons born at E12/E13, projecting in anterior regions of the brain and expressing the peptide CART (cocaine and amphetamine Regulated Transcript) and the NK 3 receptor (neurokinin). The aim of this study was to understand the origin of these two sub-populations. For this, we used histological, molecular and in vitro approaches. MCH neurons are among the first neurons to be born and to differentiate their chemical phenotype along a longitudinal region defined by intense proliferation and called " cell cord " by Keyser in 1972. This longitudinal band is characterized by the expression of genes such as Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), Nkx2.1, Nkx2.2 and was recently named " diagonal intrahypothalamica " or ID. Differenciation of MCH neurons depends on expression of the morphogenetic factor Shh and these neurons express Nkx2.1 and Nkx2.2, transcription factors upregulated by Shh. The neurons of the first sub-population send projections along the tractus postopticus (tpoc), which is the first longitudinal tract to develop. Neurons of the second sub-population differentiate concomitantly to the development of the basal forebrain and their projections innervate anterior brain regions. Our results obtained in vitro showed that Netrin1 attracts MCH axons and that this reponse is mediated by DCC. Slit2 repulses MCH axons and this reponse is mediated by the Robo2 receptor. Overall, our study of the development of the MCH system shed light on an organizational change in the longitudinal axis of the forebrain during early development : a primary longitudinal organization characterized by the longitudinal expression of Shh and Nkx2.2 and the path of the tractus postopticus in the diencephalon and mesencephalon. MCH neurons of the first sub-population develop during this stage. Then, as the basal telencephalon extends and expresses Netrin1, the medial forebrain bundle differentiates, inducing a change in the main axis of the forebrain ; meanwhile MCH neurons of the second sub-population appear. MCH sub-populations reflect distinct developmental stages of the forebrain.

Learning readiness is deficient in many first time school-going children. Learning readiness depends on a well-functioning neural network. Research has shown that movement as an early learning experience is necessary for optimal neural development. Presumably it is movement that activates the neural wiring in the brain. It influences neural organisation and stimulates the specific neurological systems required for optimal functioning and development of the brain. Some children are faced with motor proficiency deficits which may influence their learning and their readiness to learn. This study aimed at determining whether movement programmes are a means to promote and achieve learning readiness. A selected group of Grade two learners who participated in a specifically designed movement programme for ten weeks showed improvement in their levels of learning readiness based on their movement proficiency and academic level. Based on these findings, recommendations were made for the inclusion of movement in the school curriculum. / Educational Studies / M Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

Developmental delays related to feeding dysfunction in premature infants can lead to lengthy hospitalizations and increased healthcare costs initially and throughout the first year of the child's life. The purpose of this project was to use readiness-to-feed assessments to evaluate the impact of an infant-driven feeding protocol on length of stay. The project compared the length of stay of 2 groups of infants: a demand fed according to a readiness-to-feed protocol (protocol group, n = 14) and a traditionally fed according to scheduled, volume-driven feedings (traditional group, n = 15). The logic model served as the change management framework and synactive theory of infant development provided the theoretical framework. According to Als' synactive theory, a shortened hospital stay for premature infants may reduce adverse effects related to neurosensory development, delayed bonding, and a distant parenting experience. A quantitative research design was used, and data were collected through a retrospective chart review of the 2 groups. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were completed. The findings indicated that the length of stay in the protocol group was less than the length of stay in the traditionally fed group and that the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.03). Social change benefits related to the project include improved family bonding, improved neurosensory development of infants, and a reduction in healthcare costs as a result of a shortened length of stay. The findings of this project demonstrated that by using the readiness-to-feed protocol, neonatal intensive care nurses can decrease lengths of stay and costs of hospitalization while reducing adverse effects of traditional care on infant development and bonding.

Learning readiness is deficient in many first time school-going children. Learning readiness depends on a well-functioning neural network. Research has shown that movement as an early learning experience is necessary for optimal neural development. Presumably it is movement that activates the neural wiring in the brain. It influences neural organisation and stimulates the specific neurological systems required for optimal functioning and development of the brain. Some children are faced with motor proficiency deficits which may influence their learning and their readiness to learn. This study aimed at determining whether movement programmes are a means to promote and achieve learning readiness. A selected group of Grade two learners who participated in a specifically designed movement programme for ten weeks showed improvement in their levels of learning readiness based on their movement proficiency and academic level. Based on these findings, recommendations were made for the inclusion of movement in the school curriculum. / Educational Studies / M Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

No description available.